



Class __oii41 
Book___J±l._; 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



THE 

Complete Angler 

AND 

HUNTSMAN 



BY 

THOMAS HUBERT HUTTON 

AND 

STANLEY BLAKE 



BERRY, KENTUCKY 
1919 



■v.PT^ 



^■;.? 



\^" 



Copyright, 1919, 

By 

Thomas Hubert Ilutton and Stanley Blake. 



(g)CU'f)15912 
JUN 19 Itiid 



INTRODUCTORY 



PART ONE 

The author of Part One of this book was born and 
reared among the hills of Old Kentuck}^, and has always 
been a close student of nature — a lover of the outdoors, 
and, above all, an ardent angler — a true disciple of "Ike" 
Walton. 

Thomas Hubert Hutton was born in the year 1892 at 
the country town of Berr3% County of Harrison, State of 
Kentucky, where he still resides. 

He has written for the leading outdoor magazines for 
many years, having X3euned over 500 magazine articles on 
various subjects, both of angling and hunting. 

For several years he was associated with the Blue 
Grass Farm Kennels, of which Mr. Stanley Blake, author 
of Part Two of this book, is Manager, and enjoyed always 
the most pleasant relations with that gentleman. Mr. 
Hutton, at the time this book was published, held the posi- 
tion of Postmaster, at the town wherein he is a resident. 

While his principal recreative sport is angling for the 
battling black bass, he also finds time occasionally to ac- 
company his friends on a hunt. 



I!y lourtesj r. S. Dtparlnivnt <>f tli.> liU'iior. 

CRATER IjAKE AND MT. SCOTT FROM TRAIL. 



PREFACE. 



NATURE'S CALL: 

There is instilled within each one of us a persistent 
something that Ave call ''desire." There are various 
things to be desired — some desire one thing, some another; 
some have many and numerous desires, while others ma}^ 
have but few. It is a safe bet, however, that all of us 
experience one desire that we cannot get awa}^ from — 
namely the desire to respond to nature's persistent call. 

This call cannot be evaded. It may be postponed, but it 
ever keeps on tugging at our heartstrings, and must be fi- 
nally answered. For a time, nature's call may be neglect- 
ed, forgotten in the busy struggle along life's tempestuous 
way, but the call will return again and again, and must be 
responded to. 

There is a something within each of us — a desire — to 
commune with nature ; no matter where Ave live, or what our 
calling. The city-bred man especially has a constant yearn- 
ing to get out and away from all the noise and bustle and 
strife for a cjuiet vacation-time among the hills and along 
the cool streams, there to try his skill and pit his knowl- 
edge and resourcefulness against nature's own, while 
those living in the smaller centers of population and in 
the rural districts experience and answer the same call. 
All of us have this great desire, and fortunate indeed is the 
man who is able to answer the call promptly. A great ar- 
my of would-be sportsmen, however, on account of their 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

business ties aud for various other reasons, cannot explore 
the wonders of nature as soon as they would like to. They 
are none the less sportsmen, however, and keenly ardent 
ones at that, for their heart's in the right place and if they 
had their way about things their longing would soon be 
gratified, but ol'ttimes obstacles l)cset one's pathway and 
delay the realization of one's fondest hopes. 

To this great army of sportsmen, as well as to the ini- 
tiated, we have faith that this ])ook will appeal; that it 
will open the doors which bar their vision of nature's sub- 
lime beauty; that it will in a small measure, at least, al- 
leviate the suffering of those who would and cannot an- 
swer the call at the present time ; and we hope — very hum- 
bly hope — it will be found both instructive and entertain- 
ing to all. 

There are many kinds of sport, l)ut in this book we 
have to do but with two classes, the angler and the hunter. 




PART ONE 



Angling. 



To angle successfully is a fine art. It requires not 
only skill, but a great amount of patience. Without 
these prime requisites you are doomed to failure. Ang- 
ling comes naturally to some fishermen, to others it must 
be taught, and, alas, to still others it cannot be taught. 

So to be a successful angler, you must possess skill 
and patience. The student-fisherman who is most obser- 
vant is by far most apt to speedily acquire the art. Study 
nature. Learn the habits of the finny tribe. Find out 
what they thrive upon — what insects they devour in cer- 
tain seasons of the year, and imitate these insects in con- 
structing your artificial lures, if it is not practicable to 
use natural ones. If you purchase your lures, use all the 
jadgment you possess in selecting them. 

The successful hunter knows the habits of the animal 
he is striving to bring to bag, and so must the successful 
fisherman know the habits of the particular specie of fish 
he is angling for. 

No given set of rules may be set down for the guid- 
ance of the angler. Conditions vary in such great degree 
in different localities as to make given rules and regula- 
tions seem foolish. We must adjust ourselves and our 
tackle to conditions as we find them — this is the method 
that spells success. Hence, in this book the author shall 
not aim to write down any given set of rules in the art of 
angling, but merely to write of conditions as he has found 
them in his particular field of action. 



8 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 



AVhilc WO liavc before us the subject of angling, per- 
haps it would not be amiss to offer a few general sugges- 
tions as to tackle. 

Tackle is a most important item. Poor and indiffer- 
ent tackle means, in most cases, failure. Of course, we, 
as a boy, caught our full share of fish on a crooked stick 
for a pole and a bent pin, but that is not our idea of art in 




This Photograiih 1. 



I'unaclian Pacific l;:iil\v; 



"FISHING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA — A SCENE THAT WILL BRING BACK 
FOND RECOLLECTIONS OK OUR BOYHOOD DAYS. 

the angling game. Most of that Avas pure blind luck, or 
else the fish were awfully hungry in those days. We are 
fully convinced that to really become an accomplished 
fisherman, wise to all the tricks of the finny tribe, one must 
have good, dependable tackle. Now% Ave don't mean by 
this that one should liaA^e extra heaA\A" or very strong line 
and stout reel. No! No I Rather, we mean very light 



THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 9 

tackle, but something a jot better than the crooked pole 
and the bent pin. In a word, tackle of light but good 
quality, that may be relied upon in a close place. We 
have in the angling world advocates of both light and 
heavy tackle. Recognizing the respective merits of both 
in given instances and under varied conditions, we prefer 
to use our judgment in our selection of tackle to meet 
these conditions as we find them, and recommend this 
course to fellow-fishermen. 

The weight and length of rod is largely a matter of 
preference of the individual. However, a medium weight 
and a medium length rod will be found suitable for nearly 
all ordinary occasions, and, therefore, is most acceptable. 
The two extremes are necessary in some cases, but as a 
general thing the medium is to be desired. 

The author uses a 5 1-2 foot rod, made of selected split 
bamboo, and constructed in two sections, having agate top 
and butt guide, between which it has high German Silver 
guides, and is an outfit that will suit the average fisher- 
man. Some anglers, who hanker more for convenience in 
carrying a rod than for service to be obtained from it, pre- 
fer a three- jointed affair. Speaking about reels — the reel 
should be of good quality, an Anti-Back-Lash of the Heddon 
t}^e, a Milam, a Meek, or Blue Grrass; it should be free 
running and quadruple multiplying, with a narrow spool. 
The reels mentioned are fairly high in price, but in buying 
a I'eel, remember that qualit}^ counts most in this item of 
tackle, and that no matter how magnificent is the rod, the 
guides, the line, if you have not a good, free-running de- 
pendable reel, the outfit is "null and void" so far as service 
is to be obtained. There are many medium and low priced 
reels on the market, some few of which possess merit com- 
mensurate with their reasonable prices, but it takes real 
money to buy a quality reel that will last long and be a joy 
to your heart. 

Then comes the subject of fishing lines. The writer 



10 



THE AXGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 



likes a braided silk Hue fifty yards long, for bait casting, 
^'arious and many are tlie lures to be found on the market 
today, and there is a lure for every clime and for every oc- 
casion, for all seasons and all places. Such being the case, 
the angler should purchase a set of lures that are adaptable 
to local conditions. The idea is to study the particular in- 
sect-life of the locality in which the angler resides — see 
what insects are common along the rivers and lakes in that 




Courtesy Canadian Pacific Railway Co. 

FISHING IX OXTARIO. 



particular region — and then liuy lures as nearly in conform- 
ity to them as possi])le. Imitate nature. By observation 
along the waters of your locality, you will, no doubt, be able 
to see what insects fly a])ove the water, or float upon its 
surface, and l)y close attention you will l)e able to note what 
the fish leap after most frequently. Get flies that are as 
nearly like these real ones as you can. This course will 
bring success if wisely carried out. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 11 

As to dry-fly fishing, while it has been an art long 
practiced in Europe it is a sad commentary on onr angling 
progress when we say that until recently dry-fly fishing 
in this country had not found popular favor. This is said 
to have been due to the fact that wet-fly fishing in our tur- 
bulent streams had met with so much success that new 
methods and new tackle were not needed or desired. Tie 
your dry-fly in exact imitation of the winged insects. 

A Day With The Wily Black Bass: 

Memory harks back to a day in early springtime 
when we journeyed forth in quest of the sport royal. With 
well-filled fly-book, as well as a few nice live minnows in 
our minnow-bucket, we stealthily crept to the old mill-dam 
before the rising sun had dared show golden rays over the 
eastern hilltoxDS. 

Oh, how bracing was the early morning air on the liv- 
er! Put new life into a fellow. Made one's blood fairly 
tingle. 

Soon, we were casting right and left, first trying the 
minnows. After thirty minutes casting with live bait with- 
out a strike, we decided to get out our brand-new fly-book 
and make an offering of choice specimens thereof to the old 
wily fighter of the mill-pond. Perhaps, if he was not real- 
ly Jaungry, he would strike at an attractive lure through 
pure viciousness, for which he is noted in the realm of 
things aquatic. 

Our surmise did not work out, at least not at first. The 
old stand-by, "Jock Scott," utterly failed in its mission; 
"Lord Baltimore" was also completely ignored by the sulk- 
ing bass. We then tied on a "Royal Coachman" and 
awaited anxiously for results. Nothing doing. We were 
dismayed, but still determined — so w^e tried a "Grizzly 
King", and, casting well out, let it light gently upon the 
water with a slight jerk, reeling in rather hurriedly and 



12 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

impatiently, (we had about lost all the patience we ever 
possessed), but it was just then we got a strike, a strike 
that indicated to us, as we gripped the rod, that the bass 
was trying (in baseball vernacular) to knock a "home- 
run." It was a regular Hans Wagner strike! Zip! went 
the line, or maybe it was the reel, maybe both — first thing 
we knew Mr. Bass was heading for midstream and he was 
one of those headstrong fellows that are not so easily turn- 
ed. Presently, however, we did manage to start him on 
the return trip, and then he came on so fast it was a perfect 
job for us to keep him from getting slack line, which would 
have been fatal and would have assured his escape. On 
he came! Wind as hard as we could he did manage to get 
a little slack — he then came to the top and leaped clear of 
the water, shaking with all his might, trying to dislodge the 
hook. With a sharp jerk we took up the slack and brought 
him back into the Avater, reeling like mad. The moment 
lie slid back into his element, he took another spell, this 
time going straight to bottom and there sulking. Noth- 
ing could seem to dislodge him. Seemed certain he had 
gone under a rock TO STAY. We felt our hopes sink. 
We were going to lose our prize-beauty. Not only that, 
but we'd probably lose our fly and a good leader, not to 
mention our temper. 

After a lapse of several minutes, that seemed to 
lengthen into weeks of anguish, he came to life with a sad- 
deness that fairly startled us. With a mighty suro'e he 
made for the bank on which we stood, and again we be- 
came intensely occupied with the reel. It seemed not to 
work nearly fast enough. That bass was sure speedy. 

Approaching the bank, he must have spied his arch- 
enemy — man — for he gave a haughty swish of his tail and 
was gone again — to deep water. 

We struggled again to turn him and for a time it seem- 
ed uncertain who would be the vanquished and victor. At 
last, we brought him to a halt and after a painful inter- 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 13 

val his halt was turned into a retreat — once more he came 
toward land. 

But he came leisurely. No slashing and slathering 
v/aters were kicked up by terrific swishes of his tail. Boys, 
he was tired out. He had fought the good fight — and 
lost. 

Lures for The Black Bass: 

It has become a proven fact that no one lure or set of 
lures can be depended upon to catch fish at any time in all 
weathers. Especially is this true of the wily black bass, 
which is a fish of moods. At certain times of the 
day a j^articular lure will prove to be a bass getter, and at 
the very same time on other days that particular lure will 
be of no avail ; on certain days one lure will appeal, where- 
as on other days that lure will fail to attract. In cloudy 
weather a certain lure may be used to advantage, whereas 
on a sunshiny day it would not draw fish. So again at 
certain seasons of the year a particular lure gets bass, be- 
ing no good at other times. Hence, it is but a short step 
to the conclusion that the bass is a fish of moods. Some 
days the black bass will feed right under your lure, while 
on other occasions he will savagely strike at anything you 
have to offer. We come to the conclusion, after giving the 
matter much thought, that there are several elements that 
enter into the problem. They are : The seasons, weather, 
(which controls the mood of the bass); the time of day; 
and the lure. This accounts for having good luck on a 
certain day with a certain lure, while the same lure the 
next day proves entirely inefficient. 

A good many anglers object to the use of the treble 
hooks on baits, their opinion being that their use is inhu- 
mane and unsportsmanlike, while others prefer to fish with 
the fly, which has but one single hook. In some states the 
law prohibits the use of more than three hooks on one bait 
or one treble hook. 



14 THE ANGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 

When one pauses to consider the cruelty of angling 
with live bait, the angler will then look with some degree 
of disfavor toward the method of casting or using live bait. 
On the other hand, live bait casting has charms all its own, 
and a great army of anglers swear by their live bait. 

For those, however, that do not prefer live bait, there 
is to be found on the market lures of all kinds. 

One writer remarks that the best thing about top w^a- 
Iter lures, especially the ones modelled after the minnows, 
is that they will not sink. If the angler or uninitiated fish- 
erman gets a snarl or back lash he ma}^ take his own time 
in undoing it without fear of his bait sinking and finding 
a permanent (perhaps) resting place in a weed bed or 
among deep crevices or rocks. These lures (undoubted- 
ly) that are classed as top water lures save the angler 
''gobs" of money in this respect. 

With sinking baits it is the reverse. They are adapt- 
ed to deep water trolling, but are cast also. 

The best results are obtained by trolling in deep wa- 
ter. Slow trolling allows the bait a chance to sink deep 
besides giving the bass a better chance to strike at it. 

Another favorite bait with the average angler is the 
plug. However, it is condemned by many men because of 
its nine hooks (three sets of trebles), but for those that 
are after results (bother the method) the plug is right 
there with the goods. It is best to troll it. 

Finally, in fishing with artificial baits, one must realize 
that he is only using imitations of the real thing, and 
accordingly not place too great confidence in them, as their 
successful use depends largely on season, w^eather, the 
mood of the fish, skill of the angler, and the waters he is 
fishing. 

Hints on Fly-Fishing for Trout: 

First, secure a rod that "fits" you, that is, one that you 
can handle conveniently, either steel or split bamboo, as 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 15 

you prefer, one not too supple and with plenty of power 
and resiliency. You don't have to have the highest-priced 
rod on the market, neither is it advisable to buy the cheap- 
est. Buy one commensurate with your ability. Of course 
generalh^ the higher priced rods are of better material and, 
therefore, last longer and give better service. It pays to 
buy good stuff, when it can be afforded. Try out the rod 
before you purchase it; see if you like it in every particu- 
lar. 

Next comes the reel. The same doctrine applies to 
the purchase of this important item as applies to the rod. 
Get as good quality as your purse permits. A cheap one 
will maybe be all right for a while but in the long run it pays 
to purchase good tackle. 

Then comes the line, which should be silk, of sufficient 
weight to cast well in the wind and to fit the rod, one that 
will not strain the rod and yet not so light that it will fail 
to get the action out of the rod required. For a rod 9 1-2 
feet long, weight 5 to 6 ounces, size E line is commonly 
used. , 

The selection of the leaders is of next importance. For 
rough streams use a heavy 3-foot leader, but on calm, shal- 
low streams this will not do. A fine gut is an important 
part of the tackle, and the leader should be at least six feet 
in length if obtainable. Fine gut is sometimes hard to ob- 
tain, but should be used whenever procurable. 

The kind of fly you use, while important, is not nearly 
so important as the manner of fishing it. 

Sometimes, when trout are real hungry they will take 
most anything in the lure of dry flies, but at other times 
they appear to sulk and will bite at nothing, while some- 
times a particularly fascinating lure will get their goat, 
and at still other times a dull drabby color will appeal to 
their taste. They seem to have moods, as well as fixed 
habits, and we have to study their moods as well as their 
set characteristics. 



16 THE AXOLER AND HUNTSMAN 

Lastly, when you get a rise, don't jerk the poor fish's 
head oft'; a simple turn of the wrist is sufficient, if you are 
expert at the game. You must learn to pull gently and 
at the same time firmly and quickly. This is acknowledg- 
ed to he difficult and no suggestions that I can think of 
will teach you how to do it; it's an art that has to be ac- 
quired by actual practice. 

Fishing Through The Ice: 

Perhaps no wintertime sport affords any more plea- 
sure to the angling brotherhood than the sport of ice-fish- 
ing. 

An ice chisel and an axe, will serve the purpose of mak- 
ing a hole in the ice through which to fish. 

Winter fishing has the advantage over fishing at oth- 
er seasons in that it does not take so extensive or costly 
an outfit. Any simple rig-up will do. 

On such trips it is well to take along a coffee-pot, or 
receptacle in which soup may be boiled, for there is noth- 
ing that makes an outer feel better and enjoy himself more 
on a cold winter day than a hot cup of coffee or a bowl of 
hot soup. The frying pan should also find a place in your 
outfit, for you will want to try some of the fish you will 
catch, and there is a sense of enjoyment in partaking of 
your catch "right on the spot" that is not found elsewhere. 

This is a time of year when nature has clothed the 
landscape all about you with the snowy-whiteness of the 
beautiful snow, and if you loved to wander through these 
favorite haunts in the glad summertime when everything 
was green and growing, you will no less be enthralled now 
in mid-winter with the scene of beauty as it unfolds before 
you. Strange indeed, but true it is that tho' most all liv- 
ing things are asleep (some, alas! dead) at this season, there 
is presented to view a scene equally if not more beautiful 
flian that presented in spring and sununer and fall wlien 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 17 

all nature is dressed in gala array in response to the glad 
sunshine and growing rains. 

I have in mind a little outing spent with a friend one 
winter's day in which we fished for pike through the ice. 
Through 15 inches of solid ice we hewed a hole. The 
rougher part was accomplished with the axe, but as soon as 
the axe got through to the water beneath, I took the chisel 
and shaped up the opening as best I could. 

Putting on a minnow, while my partner cut himself 
another hole not far distant, I lowered it about ten or fif- 
teen feet beneath the surface and held it there. The end 
of my line, of course, was tied securely to a stick, but in all 
other ways it was nothing more than a hand-line, and real- 
ly a hand-line it was indeed. 

I now busied myself in gathering some wood for a fire, 
and soon had a cheerful blaze on the bank nearby, where it 
would be convenient to go and warm when we got chilled. 
A fire is an important item in ice-fishing, for usually along 
lakes the wind comes in pretty brisk and cold. Of course, 
if you are fishing far out from shore, the fire may be built 
on the ice at a respectable distance from where you are 
fishing. Some claim the warmth of the fire goes through 
to the water below and draws fish to that neighborhood. 
These preliminaries over, we cut other holes until we had 
six or eight cut and lines set. 

In this manner we caught several good-sized pike. 
While this sort of fishing does not give one the opportuni- 
ty to display his skill to any great degree it is, at least, a 
form of winter sport that helps to while away those long 
winter days when the angler feels that spring will never 
arrive, so that he may again rig up his favorite rod and 
reel and go forth to battle with a big muskie, a trout, a 
black bass, a pike or whatever species opportunity and lo- 
cation presents. 

We returned home that night feeling greatly invig- 
orated by the day's outing in the brisk winter air, and 



18 THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 

many a time thereafter we repeated the operation, which 
made the w^hole year a fishing season — a condition we al- 
Avays thought should be evolved some way or other. 

If live bait is nnobtainable, we suggest using red flan- 
nel lures, which prove verv effective for most species of 
fish. 

No doubt, other artificial baits and lures may be em- 
ployed with good success in ice-fishing, such as the dry fly, 
the fluted spoon, the wet fly, and other fancy artificial 
baits and lures. 



ISAAK WALTON, BELOVED ANGLER AND 
PHILOSOPHER. 

Isaak Walton, whose memory every knight of the rod 
and reel holds dear, was born at Stafford, County Stafford, 
in England, in August 1593. At the tender age of nine- 
teen summers we find him in London engaged in retail 
shop-keeping. He was variously called a ''linen-draper," 
"sempster," and "milliner." This business appeairs to 
have prospered. 

However, it was not as a business man that Walton 
holds a claim to immortality, but as a writer of carefully 
worded literature both of an ecclesiastical and nature-lov- 
ing flavor. Most important, as to the latter, was his book 
"The Compleat Angler," which he wrote after his retire- 
ment from business in 1643. He purchased a place near 
his "native heath" in the vicinity of good fishing. Walton 
was twice married — once in 1626 and again in 1646, losing 
both wives by death. His book, to which possibly he owes 
the major portion of his immortal fame, "The Compleat 
Angler," was published in 1653. Successive editions were 
put out in 1655, 1661, 1668 and in 1676 — the latter being the 
last edition put out during the lifetime of the author. 

While the book belies its name of being really "com- 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 19 

plete" for our day and age, it Avas probably "complete" for 
the needs of the troublous tinies of Oliver Cromwell, in 
which Walton lived. This book was written in the form 
of a dialogue between Piscator and Venator, the former 
representing the master angler and philosopher, the latter 
his apt and willing scholar or pupil. 

In order to convey to the reader the full measure of 
Walton's matchless art in his description of things natural, 
it is best that we include excerpts from his book, "The 
Compleat Angler," as follows: 

Piscator — O sir, doubt not that angling is an art; is it 
not an art to deceive a trout with an artificial fly? A 
trout that is more sharp-sighted than an}^ hawk you have 
named, and more watchful and timorous than 3^our high- 
mettled merlin is bold ; and yet I doubt not to catch a brace 
or two tomorrow for a friend's breakfast. Doubt not, 
therefore, sir, but that angling is an art, and an art worth 
your learning. The question is, rather, whether you be cap- 
able of learning it? For angling is somewhat like poetry — 
men are to be born so ; I mean, with inclinations to it, though 
both may be heightened by discourse and practice; but he 
that hopes to be a good angler must not only bring an in- 
quiring, searching, observing wit, but he must bring a large 
measure of hope and patience, and a love and propensity to 
the art itself; but having once got and practiced it, then 
doubt not but angling will prove to be so pleasant that it 
will prove to be like virtue, a reward to itself. 

Venator — Sir, I am now become so full of expectation, 
that I long much to have you proceed, and in the order you 
propose. 

Piscator — Then first, for the antiquity of angling, of 
which I shall not say much, but only this : some say it is as 
ancient as Deucalion's flood; others that Belus, who was 
the first inventor of godly and virtuous recreations, was 
the first inventor of angling; and some others say — for 
former times have had their disquisitions about the an- 



20 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

tiquity of it — that Setli, one of the sons of Adam, taught 
it to his sons, and that hy them it was derived to posterity; 
others say that he left it engraven on those pillars which 
he erected, and trusted to preserve the knowledge of the 
mathematics, music, and the rest of that precious knowl- 
edge and those useful arts, which by God's appointment 
or allowance and his noble industry were thereby preserv- 
ed from perishing in Noah's flood. 

These, sir, have been the opinions of several men that 
have possibly endeavored to make angling more ancient 
than is needful or may well be warranted; but for my pare, 
I shall content myself in telling you that angling is much 
more ancient than the Incarnation of our Savior; for in the 
prophet Amos, mention is made of fish-hooks; and in the 
book of Job, which was long before the days of Amos, — 
for tliat book is said to be writ by Moses, — mention is made 
also of fish-hooks, which must imply anglers in those times. 

But my worthy friend, as I would rather prove m\'self 
a gentleman by being learned and humble, valiant and in- 
offensive, virtuous and communicable, than by any fond 
ostentation of riches; or, wanting those virtues myself, 
boast that these were in my ancestors (and yet I grant 
that w^here a noble and ancient descent and such mer- 
it meet in any man, it is a double dignification of that per- 
son) : — so if this antiquity of angling, which for my part I 
have not forced, shall, like an ancient family, be either an 
honor or an ornament to this virtuous art which I profess 
to love and practice, I shall be the gladder that I made an 
accidental mention of the antiquity of it, of which I shall 
say no more, but proceed to that just commendation which 
I think it deserves. And for that, I shall tell you that in 
ancient times a debate hath arisen, and it remains yet un- 
resolved ; whether the happiness of man in this world doth 
consist more in contemplation or action? 

Concerning which, some have endeavored to maintain 
their opinion of the first, by saying that the nearer we 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 21 

mortals come to God by way of imitation, the more happy 
we are. And they say that God enjoys himself only by a 
contemplation of his own infiniteness, eternity, power, 
and goodness, and the like. And upon this ground, many 
cloisteral men of great learning and devotion prefer con- 
templation before action. And many of the fathers seem 
to aDprove this opinion, as ma}' appear in their commen- 
taries upon the words of our Savior to Martha (Luke x. 
41, 42). 

Aiid on the contrary, there want not men of equal au- 
thority and credit, that prefer action to be the more excel- 
lent; as namely, experiments in physic, and the application 
of it, both for the ease and prolongation of man's life; by 
which each man is enabled to act and do good to others, 
either to serve his country or do good to particular per- 
sons. And they say also that action is doctrinal, and 
teaches both art and virtue, and is a maintainer of human 
society, and for these, and other like reasons, to be pre- 
ferred before contemplation. 

Concerning which two opinions, I shall forbear to add 
a third by declaring my own; and rest myself contented in 
telling you, my very worthy friend, that both these meet 
together, and do most properly belong to the most honest, 
ingenious, quiet and harmless art of angling. 

And first I shall tell you what some have observed, and 
I have found it to be a real truth — that the very sitting by 
the river's side is not only the quietest and fittest place 
for contemplation, but will invite an angler to it; and this 
seems to be maintained by the learned Peter Du Moulin, 
who in his discourse of the fulfilling of prophecies, ob- 
serves what when God intended to reveal any future events 
or high notions to his prophets, he then carried them eith- 
er to the deserts or the seashore, that having so separated 
them from amidst the press of people and business, and 
the cares of the w^orld, he might settle their mind in a quiet 
repose, and there make them fit for revelation. 



22 ~ THK AXGLER AND HUXTSMAN 

And this seems also to be intimated by the Children of 
Israel (Psalm cxxxvii.), who having in a sad condition 
banished all mirth and music from their pensive hearts, 
and having hung up their then mute harps upon the willow - 
trees growing by the rivers of Babylon, sat down upon these 
banks, bemoaning the ruins of Sion, and contemplating 
their own sad condition. 

And an ingenious Spaniard says that "rivers and the 
inhabitants of the watery element were made for wise men 
to contemplate, and fools to pass by without considera- 
tion." And though I will not rank myself in the number 
of the first, yet give me leave to free myself from the last, 
by offering to you a short contemplation, first of rivers and 
then of fish ; concerning which I doubt not but to give you 
many observations that will appear very considerable; I 
am sure they have appeared so to me, and made manv an 
hour to pass away more pleasantly, as I have sat quietly on 
a flowery bank by a calm river. 

Piscator — And now you shall see me try my skill to 
catch a trout and at my next walking, either this evening 
or tomorrow morning, I will give you direction how you 
yourself shall fish for him. 

Venator — Trust me, master, I see now it is a harder 
matter to catch a trout than a chub, for I have put on pa- 
tience and followed you these two hours, and not seen a 
fish stir, neither at your minnow nor your worm. 

Piscator — Well, scholar, you must endure worse luck 
some time, or you will never make a good angler. But 
what say you now? There is a trout now, and a good one 
too, if I can but hold him, and two or three turns more will 
tire him. Now you see he lies still, and the sleight is to 
land him. Reach me that landing net; — so, sir, now he is 
mine own. What say you now? is not this worth all my 
labor and your patience? 

Venator — On my word. Master, this is a gallant trout; 
what shall we do with him? 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 23 

Piscator — Marry, e'en eat him to supper; we'll go to 
my hostess from whence we came; she told me as I was 
going out of door, that my brother Peter, a good angler and 
a cheerful companion, had sent word that he would lodge 
there tonight, and bring a friend with him. My hostess 
has two beds, and I know you and I may have the best; 
we'll rejoice with my brother Peter and his friend, tell 
tales or sing ballads, or make a catch, or find some harmless 
sport to content us and pass away a little time, without of- 
fense to God or man. 

Venator — A match, good master; let's go to that 
house; for the linen looks white and smells of lavender, 
and I long to lie in a pair of sheets that smells so. Let's 
be going, good master, for I am hungry again with fishing. 

Piscator — Nay, stay a little, good scholar. I caught 
my last trout with a worm; now I will put on a minnow, 
and try a quarter of an hour about yonder trees for anoth- 
er; and so walk towards our lodging. Look you, scholar, 
thereabout we shall have a bite presently or not at all. 
Have with you sir ! o ' my word I have hold of him. Oh, it is a 
great loggerheaded chub; come hang him upon that wil- 
low twig, and let's be going. But turn out of the way a 
little, good scholar, towards yonder high honeysuckle 
hedge; there we'll sit and sing whilst this shower falls 
so gently upon the teeming earth, and gives yet a sweeter 
smell to the lovely flowers that adorn these verdant mead- 
ows. 

Look, under that broad beech-tree I sat down, when I 
was last this way a-fishing. And the birds in the adjoin- 
ing grove seemed to have a friendly contention with an 
echo, whose dead voice seemed to live in a hollow tree, near 
to the brow of that primrose hill. There I sat viewing the 
silver streams glide silently towards their centre, the tem- 
pestuous sea; yet sometimes opposed by rugged roots and 
pebble-stones, which broke their waves and turned them 
into foam. And sometimes I beguiled time by viewing the 



24 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

harmless lambs; some leaping- securely in the cool shade, 
whilst others sported themselves in the cheerful sun; and 
saw others craving comfort from the swollen udders of 
their bleating dams. As I thus sat, these and other sights 
had so fully possessed my soul with content, that I thought 
as the poet hath happily expressed it, 

''I Avas for that time lifted above earth. 

And possessed joys not promised in my birth." 

As I left this place and entered into the next field, a 
second pleasure entertained me: 'twas a handsome milk- 
maid, that had not yet attained so much age and wdsdom as 
to load her mind with any fears of many things that will 
never be, as too many men too often do ; but she cast away 
all care, and sang like a nightingale; her voice was good, 
and the ditty fitted for it; it was that smooth song which 
was made by Kit Marlowe, now at least fifty years ago, and 
the milkmaid's mother sang an answer to it, which was 
made by Sir Walter Ealeigh in his younger days. 

They were old-fashioned poetry, but choicely good; I 
think much better than the strong lines that are now in 
fashion in this critical age. Look yonder T on my word, 
yonder they both be a-milking again. I will give her the 
chub, and persuade them to sing those two songs to us. 

God speed you, good woman! I have been a-fishing, 
and am going to Bleak Hall to my bed ; and having caught 
more fish than will sup myself and friend, I will bestow 
this upon you and your daughter, for I use to sell none. 

Milk Woman — Marry, God requite you sir, and we'll 
eat it cheerfulh^; and if you come this way a-fishing two 
months hence, a grace of God, I'll give you a syllabub of 
new verjuice in a new-made haycock for it, and m}^ Maud- 
lin shall sing you one of her best ballads; for she and I both 
love all anglers, they be such honest, civil, quiet men; in 
the mean time will you drink a draught of red cow's milk? 
You shall have it freelv. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 25 

Piscator — No, I thank you; but I pray, do us a cour- 
tesy that shall stand you and your daughter in nothing, 
and yet we will think ourselves still something in your debt ; 
it is but to sing us a song that was sung by your daughter 
when I last passed over this meadow, about eight or nine 
days since. 

Milk Woman — What song was it, I pray? Was it 
''Come Shepherds, deck your heads," or "As at noon Dul- 
cina rested," or "Phillida flouts me," or "Chevy Chace." 
or "Johnny Armstrong," or "Troy Town"? 

Piscator — No, it is none of those ; it is a song that your 
daughter sang the first part, and vou sang the answer to 
it. 

Milk Woman — Oh, I know it now. I learned the first 
part in my golden age, when I was about the age of my poor 
daughter; and the latter part, which indeed fits me best 
now, but two or three years ago, when the cares of the 
world began to take hold of me; but you shall, God willing, 
hear them both, and sung as well as we can, for we both 
love anglers. 



From even these brief excerpts of Walton's writings 
it is easily seen what a nobility of character and what a 
gentle, loving spirit he possessed. We surmise that if he 
was half as artful with his angling rod as he was with his 
pencil, he deserves even greater fame as an angler than he 
is renowned to have been. 



FISHING REEL LORE: 



More than three-quarters of a century back, viz : in the 
year 1839, the makers of the "Milam" fishing reel recog- 
nized the field awaiting to be occupied by a reel in which 
material and construction should be so combined as to pro- 



26 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

cluce an instrumeut absolutely reliable under any and all 
conditions of use and abuse. There was wanting a reel 
that should be light and compact in form, simple but pow- 
erful in its makeup and above all, one not easily deranged 
by the constant "wear and tear" inseparable from its use. 
With a full recognition of these exacting conditions they 
started in to make the reel that since has made the State 
of Kentucky famous. In all the years that have passed 
by since 1839 they have never deviated from the course 
originally laid down for its production, namely : the invar- 
iable use of the best obtainable material and upon such 
material the bestowment of every resource of ingenuity and 
painstaking workmanship. As a practical endorsement 
of this policy it is of record that the first Milam Reel, 
turned out by them in the year 1839, is still in perfect work- 
ing order, and still giving a good account of itself on the 
bass streams of that state. 

The following letters from two illustrious personages, 
addressed to the maker of this .reel, attest its quality and a 
right to a place in angling history equaled by no other 
American multipl.ying and click fishing reel: 

"Executive Mansion, Washington. 
"B. C. Milam, Esq: 

"My Dear Sir: — I have received, through Messrs. 
Blackburn and Breckinridge, the beautiful reel which you 
have sent to me, and I beg you to accept any sincere 
thanks for the same. I think it is the finest piece of 
work in that line I have ever seen and the sight and hand- 
ling of it makes me long for the time when I can put it to 
use. 

I have no doubt that it will be the means of affording 
me much pleasure, and I hope that m}' performances may 
do your liandiwork no discredit. 

Yours verv trulv, 

GROVER CLEVELAND. 

St. Paul, Minn. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 27 

"Dear Sir: — In reply to your note, I beg to say that 
I have used one of your reels for 18 years and it is yet in ex- 
cellent order. The make and fashion of your work is quite 
unsurpassed. 

" Faithfully Yours, 
"JOSEPH .JEFFERSON." 

The "Milam" is a combined multiplying and click reel, 
and is therefore equally available for fly or bait fishing. 
It multiplies four-fold and so light is the friction of its mov- 
ing parts that a single smart stroke of the handle produces 
hundreds of revolutions of the spool. In bait casting the 
reel is used "clear," i. e. without either alarm or ruT3ber, 
and with a little practice, the bait may be dropped with ease 
and precision on any desired spot within 50 or 60 yards. 
For fly fishing it is customary to use the drag, and when 
desired (as is usually the case), the alarm or "click," but 
any of these features can be utilized singly, or all of them 
collectively at will. Thus, by their use, the reel may be 
transfoiTQed progressively into a multiplying, click, or a 
free running reel at your pleasure. These changes are 
produced by sliding disks on the side of the reel and do not 
complicate its operation. Pinions and i^ivots are of tool 
steel carefully tempered and fitted with greatest accuracy. 
No castings are used in this reel; nothing but wrought met- 
als. Plates, caps, handles, etc., are all cut from hard-roll- 
ed sheet metals. The reels are still made by hand, with pains- 
taking care, now, as always since the industry was start- 
ed about eighty years ago, and they are made in the same 
jittle Main street shop in the city of Frankfort, which 
IS located on the Kentucky river, near the Elkhom junc- 
tion, both streams long noted for the black bass found 
therein. 

Interesting History: 

Judge Shackelford Miller, of Louisville, Ky., rendered 
an opinion in the suit of B. C. Milam & Son, asking for an 



28 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

injunction to prevent the corporation, "B. F. Meek & 
Sons (J. H. Sutcliffe and others)," from using the words 
"Frankfort," "Kentucky" or either of said words in de- 
scribing a fishing reel, and, further, that the defendant be 
compelled to disclose profits and that plaintiffs be given 
judgment for all profits made by defendant on reels 
so manufactured and sold. Judge Miller granted the relief 
sought. The facts as brought out in the case will prove of 
interest to fishermen, as they show a concise history of this 
famous reel and give credit to the real institutors of this 
commodity. The product put out by Meek today may be 
all that is claimed for it, but the angler must bear in mind, 
after reading the following facts brought out in the trial, 
that Milam and not Meek invented the reel, and should be 
given credit accordingly: 

The evidence shows that crude reels were made in 
Kentucky before 1830 (investigation has shown that as 
early as 1810 a reel was made in Paris, Ky.) Mr. Theo- 
dore Noel, a watchmaker, made a reel in Frankfort about 
1830. B. C. Milam w^as an apprentice under Mr. Noel's 
brother. Noel quitting the business, Milam w^ent to work 
with Jonathan Meek. Not liking watchmaking, he (Mi- 
lam) took up the reel business and developed the multiply- 
ing reel to its present state of perfection. He has devoted 
his whole life to it. For over sixty years he did nothing 
else. The first reels he produced were stamped: "J. F. 
& B. F. Meek," then "Meek & Milam" then "The Frank- 
fort, Kentucky Reel, B. C. Milam & Son. " By constant ap- 
plication he has built up a great reputation for his reel, 
built it under different names, but the same reel all the 
time. At last he was forced to go to the courts to ask 
protection for what he had been so many years honestly 
acquiring, and the courts sustained him. 

In 1835, Jonathan F. Meek moved to Frankfort from 
Danville, Ky., and engaged in the jewelry business. His 
younger brother, B. F. Meek, and B. C. Milam went to work 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 29 

as apprentices. In 1839 he and his brother formed a part- 
nership under the firm name of J. F. and B. F. Meek, B. C. 
Mihim still being associated with them. A few reels were 
made between this time and 1848, when B. C. Milam was 
taken into the firm, and the name became J. F. Meek and 
Company, B. C. Milam being the company and doing the 
work on the reels and stamping them "J. F. & B. F. Meek." 
as before. In 1852 this firm failed and Jonathan F. Meek 
moved to Louisville, where he worked until his death at his 
trade, watchmaking, for Wm. Kendrick. 

January 1, 1853, B. F. Meek and B. C. Milam formed a 
new firm under the name of Meek and Milam, to continue 
the business of jewelers and reel making at the old stand 
on Main Street. B. F. Meek attended entirely to watch- 
making and jewelry on the lower floor and B. C. Milam had 
entire charge of and did all the reel work on the second 
floor of the same house. The partnership agreement was 
in writing, and shows that upon dissolution Meek was to 
have the watchmaking tools and Milam was to own the 
reel-making outfit. This partnership was dissolved in 
1885 by mutual agreement, and, according to contract, 
Meek took the watchmaking business and Milam took 
the reel making, both remaining in the old stand 
on Main street, Frankfort, Ky., Meek on the lower floor 
and Milam on the upper floor. During this partnership 
Milam stamped the reels ''Meek and Milam" and after the 
separation he continued to stamp them "Meek and Milam," 
although Meek had no interest in the reel business, and so 
stamped them from 1853 until about 1880, twenty-seven 
years. During this long period the reel known as the 
"Meek & Milam" reel, and made exclusively by B. C. Mi- 
lam, had become famous, not only throughout the United 
States, but was known to the anglers of Europe. 

In 1882 B. F. Meek moved to Louisville and began to 
make a reel. 

In 1898 B. F. Meek, having sold out to J. H. Sutcliffe 



30 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

and others, who formed a corporation to continue the man- 
ufacture of reels, returned to Frankfort, where he lived un- 
til his death. 

To quote Judge Shackelford Miller, further: 

"The plaintiffs, B. C. Milam & Son, now complain that 
the defendant corporation, 'B. F. Meek & Sons,' with the 
design and purpose to get plaintiff's trade and to deceive 
the public, is now and has since its purchase from Ben F. 
Meek in 1898, been manufacturing reels in Louisville 
which it puts on the market advertised as the original 
'Frankfort, Kentucky Reel,' by reason whereof, it is claim- 
ed, the public are deceived into buying defendant's reels 
as the reels of the plaintiff's make. 

"No one of the Meeks is interested in or employed by 
the defendant corporation, "B. F. Meek & Sons." 

"Prior to 1882 the 'Meek & Milam Reel,' made in 
Frankfort by B. C. Milam, had become generally known in 
Kentucky as the 'Frankfort Reel,' and outside of the State 
as the 'Kentucky Reel,' or the 'Frankfort, Kentucky 
Reel' and was so advertised by Milam in 1882, and was so 
stamped by him in 1896. The descriptive term or jDhrase, 
'Frankfort, Kentucky, Reel' was first used by Milam, 
Furthermore, B. F. Meek was never engaged in the manu- 
facture of fishing reels in Frankfort after 1855, while Mi- 
lam had been continuously in that business at the old 
stand, 318 Main Street, in Frankfort, from 1848 to the pres- 
ent time, a period of more than fifty years. Under this 
state of facts, will the defendant be allowed to use the de- 
scriptive words, 'Frankfort, Kentucky,' in describing its 
reels ? 

"The plaintiff's reels have become famous during a 
period of nearly fifty years of exclusive manufacture at 
Frankfort, Kentucky — in fact, they became so popular as 
to be generally known and subsequently advertised as the 
'Frankfort, Kentucky Reel!' To allow the defendant 
corporation to reap the benefit of the plaintiff's long and 



THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 31 

honorable course in business by indirectly naming or call- 
ing its reel, made in Louisville, as the 'Frankfort Reel,' 
or the 'Frankfort, Kentucky Reel' — something that Ben 
F. Meek, its assignor, never attempted or claimed 
— would be in violation of the broad and equitable rule of 
fair trade laid down in the man,y authorities above cited. 

"I am of the opinion that the plaintiffs are entitled to 
the relief they ask. 

"SHACKELFORD MILLER, Judge." 

B. C. Milam's son (John W. Milam) still conducts the 
business at the old stand under the old firm name (B. C. 
Milam & Son), he having been taught to make these reels 
by his father, beginning his life work in the old shop at 
318 Main street in 1877, since which time he has made 
enough reels to become a veteran himself and a worth}^ 
successor to his famous father, whose name had for so long 
been familiar to myriads of anglers in this and more dis- 
tant lands. 

In the accompanying illustrations, which are repro- 
ductions from photographs made in the old shop at Frank- 
fort from which so many superb reels have been sent out 
broadcast to anglers ever,y where, it will be noted that there 
is a marked absence of machinery and what is used is of the 
simplest designs. But no explanation of this seems neces- 
sary further than to say that "Milam" reels are hand-made; 
hence there is nothing old-fashioned or any obsolete uten- 
sils in the factory, which makes no pretensions of turning 
out reels rapidly and in large numbers by machinery. Just 
the reverse method is applied and each reel represents so 
much time, care and skill under deft fingers trained by a 
lifetime devoted to the business, as well as watchful eyes, 
that one who has been fortunate enough to witness the mak- 
ing of a reel can only marA^el that it can be made at a prof- 
it though the selling price is high, as prices are reckoned 
today. But one has only to be sho^^Ti a reel made a half 



32 



THE AX(;r.i:H and htnts^^fax 




THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 



33 



I 



century ago in this old shop and still in perfect working- 
order to understand that neither age nor usage can destroy 
these superb reels — the products of the Milams. 

In the first illustration will be seen the material from 
Avhich Milam reels are made — German silver sheet and rod 





made for this concern and solid, so that the reels are alike 
all the way through and neither require or receive any 
nickel or other plating. This metal, according to our 
friend, Jno: W. Milam, is so hard that a sheet of it would 



34 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

make a very excellent saw if teeth were e\it in the edge. 
All parts of the reel are either cut from the sheet or the rod 
German silver, and after being buffed are as handsome as 
the finest watch, with which they will also bear compari- 
son for adjustment. Each steel part that goes into these 
reels, when it reaches that stage, is carefully tempered and 
separately in the manner indicated in the second picture. 

No. 3 shows the next step — the manner in which the 
steel pivots and pinions are tested. These are the ends on 
which the strain comes and they must be of material to* 
withstand the hard blows of the hannner or be rejected. 

The fourth illustration shows the manner in which the 
reels are made ready for assemblage. After all tlie parts are 
gotten out six complete sets are selected and placed in read- 
iness for that part of the work w^hich so few men can do 
well, assembling. This is the most particular part of reel 
making, for no matter how excellent the individual parts 
if they are not properly adjusted and put together the 
reel will not be a success. Therefore he who assembles the 
reel must be an expert, which are only produced by long 
experience and careful training. 

Illustration No. 5 hardly needs comment. It, too, 
was made in the old Milam Shop. The reel that is being 
examined so carefully by the angler is one that had been in 
use for 60 years and still in perfect working order. Think 
of it — sixty years — longer than the average angler lives, 
although, if any human being is entitled to long life it is 
the angler, the sport being conducive to longevit}" beyond 
the average span allotted to man. 

The 6th illustration shows a comer in the office of B. 
C. Milam & Son, and three diplomas given with medals of 
first awards at three of the great international exhibi- 
tions. The framed diploma at the left was awarded the 
firm at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1894. 
The central diploma w^as given wdth a gold medal at the 
International Fisheries Exposition held in Bergen, Nor- 



THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 35 

way, in 1898, while the one shown on the right is the diplo- 
ma won at the Paris Exposition in 1900. 

I know from experience the great love that attaches 
the angler to his favorite reel. He will not part with it 
for anything, so great is his attachment to it, growing as 
the reel does in favor with him with each succeeding year of 
its use. Finally, it becomes a veritable heirloom, to be hand- 
ed down to the next generation as a precious gift, to be 
treasured by his offspring as few things earthly may be 
treasured. If the reel possesses all the good points desired 
by the angler, he ceases to look for something new from 
time to time that will be better. He is quite satisfied. The 
idea that other reels may surpass it in any respect is to 
him the height of absurdity, and he would not exchange it 
for a new and higher grade reel of the same make, lest it 
should be found lacking in some important respect. Hence 
it is that reels should be built up to the Milam standard, 
even tho' the maker forfeits the chance for a second sale 
to the same customer for a good half century. A reel that 
is clung to and treasured by an angler for fifty years, or 
even for half that time, is a A^ery effective advertisement for 
the factory from which it came; the missionary work that 
it performs is worth the profits from a dozen sales, and 
probably brings the maker thrice that many. Even if com- 
mon honesty did not dictate the use of the very best avail- 
able material and the most perfect workmanship, this 
course is prompted by business polic3^ The appearance of 
goods may attract customers, but it takes quality to hold 
them. 

The "Milam" reel itself has been its best advertise- 
ment and continues so today, as thousands of anglers will 
aver. If the Milam people used the same effective ad- 
vertising policy as do their competitors, no doubt the 
''Milam reel" and not the "Meek reel" would today stand 
out pre-eminently in this line. 



36 THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 

Points in Choosing a Canoe: 

Over haste iu buying a boat is pretty sure to bring re- 
i>]'et. Tlie ])r<)s})eetive purchaser should know where he is 
going and what he is going to carry. Some sportsmen, who 
carefully consider ever,y other detail of equipment, seem 
to figure that a "canoe is a canoe," and let it go at that. 

Mr. L. E. Eubanks, a specialist on this subject, writing 
in the Sportsmen 's Review, says : 

"The birch bark, because it is the original Indian 
craft, is commonly regarded as the best canoe. But this is 
not true ; the birch has many excellent qualities, the chief 
being its unequaled ability to weather a gale; but it is slow- 
er than a wooden or a canvas canoe. A new birch bark is 
very satisfactory, but as it is used it gets a bit loggy from 
soaking, and springs leaks easily. Also, it warps and 
twists — you seldom see a straight birch. If you decide to 
buy one of these canoes, try to procure one that an Indian 
has made for himself; the ordered one may prove a disap- 
pointment, bark full of tiny holes, and sewed with inferior 
stuff instead of jackpine or cedar roots. But the Indian- 
made craft will always be too high at bow and stem; it is 
fine for running rapids, Init a poor all round boat. 

"The wooden canoe, the favorite in Canada, is smart 
in appearance and satisfactory for most ordinary purposes, 
while it is new. Like the birch, it absorbs water and be- 
comes frightfully heavy for a portage. Of the two woods 
generally used, cedar and basswood, the latter is the 
tougher, but it more than loses this advantage by its over- 
susceptibility to heat. It must be left in water all the time ; 
exposure on a sunny shore will open it up and unfit it for 
use. The typical Canadian wooden canoe is built without 
seats, the paddler resting hips on the thwart, but the 
makers will put in a seat if so desired. 

"The canvas canoe is the master craft in the paddle 
breed. It has thr 2jrace of a birch without the weight, the 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 37 

smartness of a wooden canoe without the latter's extreme 
rigidit}'. The canvas canoe is a thing of life, pliant yet 
strong, buoyant, yet stable. It has most of the virtues of 
the other two, plus distinctive ones of its own; it is decided- 
ly faster, being of the general model of the birch but with a 
smooth surface instead of rough bark to glide through the 
water. Secondly, it is delightfully light for portaging. 
Thirdly, it is easily and dependabl}^ mended when it suf- 
fers a tear. It will cost j^ou more than a birch bought from 
an Indian, but less than any of the rib canoes. 

''Whatever material you prefer, there are other con- 
siderations ; you would not attempt to carry a ton in a lit- 
tle 13-foot canoe built for one man and his pack. You 
would require for this a freighter w^eighing four times as 
much as the little boat and some twenty feet long. Canoes 
weigh all the way from 50 pounds and less to 200 pounds; 
and sometimes two canoes of the same size will differ sur- 
prisingly in weight. Between these extremes, a man 
can get nearly anything he wants, and it pays to insist on 
suitability of your boat to the prospective use. For three 
men and equipment to start out on a rough lake voyage in 
a 14 or even a 15-foot canoe is apt to end in disappointment, 
if not disaster. Their craft ought to be 18 feet long, 36 in- 
ches wide and 13 inches deep. Two men could use a 17- 
foot canoe and yet have good capacity by selecting one with 
good width and depth, but as a rule three men require a 
long boat for satisfactory paddling. 

''Sixteen feet is a good all-purpose length for a canoe. 
The width may be from 31 to 36 inches, depending on the 
degree of stability required in its use; the corresponding 
depth from 11 to 14 inches. 

"Shape is another vital factor. Even the uninitiated 
can readily understand that a flat-bottomed canoe has more 
stability in the water. And it is equally obvious that, 
ordinarily, it would be slower. What the "will-be" sea- 
man does not always know is the important part played by 



38 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

the load in this comparison. Even some men of experience 
use a round-bottomed boat, in spite of their intention to 
load heavih% rather than sacrifice speed. As a matter of 
fact, loading up a flat l)ottomed canoe brings out its vir- 
tues — and speed. 

"You can't have all the good qualities of canoes in one 
boat, and it requires careful consideration to determine the 
best combination — just how much speed you want to sac- 
rifice for stability and capacity, just how much style for 
service, etc. The best river canoe will not be as good on a 
lake, and vice versa. But if you are headed for the North, 
the Hudson Bay country, say, you must have an all-round 
boat, not the best for any one place, but able to navigate 
rivers and lakes, fairly easy of portage, fairly swift, yet 
capacious enough for several months' stores. Such an all- 
purpose canoe must not be too long nor too short, we will 
select a 16-footer. The ends must be high enough for run- 
ning rapids, so the current does not grip them; yet low 
enough to give us enough "wet keel" for safety on wind- 
swept lakes. (You'll encounter every old style of going in 
the North Country.) An experienced canoemau on this trip 
usually leans a bit to the straight keel, depending on his 
skill to get through the fast water. This boat, 35 or 36 
inches wide and 14 inches deep, if well made, will weigh 70 
pounds and be heavy enough on some of the long portages, 
but you won't dare take anything much lighter for such a 
voyage. 

"Not all canoeists contemplate a long rough trip. The 
sport is a winner in all its forms, and the man — or woman 
— ^who must be content with a paddle in the placid park 
lake will have a lot of pleasure at that. For such a pur- 
pose we select a rather showy canoe, brilliant coat and gun- 
wales, high, gracefully curved ends, Indian style. Need- 
ing no capacity for supplies and no particular stability, 
we can have a narrow, tapering boat that Avill cut through 
the water with great speed. Assuming that it will be Tised 



40 THE AXGLEK AND HUNTSMAN 

by two persons most of the time, it should be about l(i 
feet long. A width of 31 inches, a depth of 10 or 11 inches, 
and a rounded bottom Avill make the craft very light and 
easily paddled. 

''Canoes are alike in one thing, they all require care. 
Repair even a slight injury promptly; neglect permits it to 
grow Avorse, and you can not tell when an extra strain on 
the craft will cause an apparently trivial weakness to 
prove serious. In the case of canvas canoes, there is no 
excuse for neglect; adequate repair outfits are procurable 
from the manufacturers, and the work is very simple. 
Quoting an autliorit.y on the 'wounds' of canvas canoes: 
'' 'Melt the (canoe) glue until it is about the consistency 
of thick paint. Turn back the edges of the cut and paint 
the glue on the wood about an inch back all around the cut, 
then lay the canvas back over the glue and iron with a hot 
flat-iron. If the edges are badly frayed or far apart, and 
if it is a bad tear, paint on another coat of glue and lay over 
this a piece of canvas, cotton or silk about an inch larger 
than the tear, then iron again w^ith a hot flat-iron. After 
this is done give it a heavy coat of shellac and paint any de- 
sired color.' 

"But if a canoe is to be much left in the sun, marine 
glue will not do as a finish : it melts too readily. All consid- 
ered, white lead paste is the best thing. Eub this well 
in and put on your varnish, and the wound is 0. K. 

"About as many canoes are injured in the housing as 
in use. Leaving a delicate, perhaps, expensive canoe on a 
boathouse floor among scores of others, to be kicked and 
jammed about every day, or turning it over on the beach 
to stay indefinitely, is poor business. The best course is 
to elevate it into the roof of some shed or garage. Canvas 
bands of double thickness make good slings." 

As pointed out in the practical suggestions given 
above, it is a very wise policy when selecting a canoe to se- 
lect one that meets your own individual requirements. This 



THE ANGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 



41 



is governed by whether you desire a boat for an extended 
water trip, or merely one to use but a little in waters near 
at hand. 

There is on the market anything to be had in this line 
from a birch to folding, telescopic, canvas and all the way up 
to steel, not to mention wood and the more modem alu- 
minum. 

In picking a canoe for a long trip one should remem- 
ber there is not only the canoe to wearily drag from one 
portage to another, but the ''duffle" must go as well. So, 





"THE EVENRUDE MOTOR." 



better get one as light as is consistent with your absolute 
requirements. Some anglers, and some waterfowl hunt- 
ers, hold the canoe or boat of some shape as indispensable 
to the pursuit of the fish and the waterfowl, respectively. 
Indeed it does add a great deal of pleasure to the already ex- 
liilirating sports (I mean both fishing and waterfowl shoot- 
ing), and canoeing has every right to its lofty place in our 
literature and in our hearts. 

A fairly good boat can be purchased for about $15. a 
better one for $25 and an extra good one for from $25 to 
$50. For a long trip, you will need the best quality, and, in 
most cases, it pays to buy the best for any usej This rule 
not only applies to canoes, but to everything else. It takes 
money to obtain quality, and quality is what counts. 



42 THE AXGLEK AXD HUNTSMAX 

The Evinrudc Detachable Motor is a great boon to the 
angler and the hunter. It is easily adjusted, is portable, 
and is indispensable to the outdoorsnian in every particu- 
lar. It enjoys a fame that it richly deserves, and I hearti- 
ly recommend its use by all anglers and hunters. 

The Fisherman and The Outdoor Motor: 

To the disciples of Izaak Walton, the Evinrude makes 
a mighty appeal. The long trip up to the "holes" where 
the "big fellows" lurk, among the weeds and grasses, is 
turned into an enjoyable ride, and what's more, you can 
troll all the way if you like. 

When the wind or the shadows shift and the lure no 
longer tempts, give the fly-wheel a pull, "mote" over to 
the other side of the island, or across the lake, and try your 
luck at another spot. Plow right through the weeds or 
shallows, if you want to — the Evinrude is built for it. With 
the "cut-out" closed, there's no chance of scaring the fish, 
or disturbing your fellow fishermen. 

If you find the lake "fished out," the water roily or too 
high, take your Evinrude — it's portable, you know — and 
try another lake or stream. Thousands of city sportsmen 
ship their Evinrudes to tlu^ Northern woods and fish the 
lakes for miles around the camp. 

If you have ever pulled at the oars in the gray dawn, 
before the warmth of Old Sol has dispelled the damp mists, 
or with darkness coming on, labored painfully homeward, 
fighting a head wind, you have felt the need of an Evinrude 
— the motor that lengthens the day. 

DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS MEMBERS OF THE 
FINNY TRIBE: 

The Salmons of the Pacific Coast. 

The author is indebted to Mr. John J. Brice, United 
States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, and others, for 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 43 

the following data concerning the various important game 

fishes. 

On the Pacific Coast are found five species of salmon 
belonging to the genus Oncorhynchus, namely, the Chinook 
or quinnat salmon, the Red or Blue-back salmon, the 
Humpback salmon, the Silver salmon, and the Dog salmon. 
The Pacific salmon differ very slightly from the Atlantic 
salmon, the former possessing a larger number of rays in 
the anal fin, and more branchiostegals, gillrakers, and py- 
loric coeca. 

The Quinnat Salmon: 

The scientific name is Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, be- 
ing commonly called by several other names, including 
Chinook salmon, king salmon, Columbia salmon, Sacramen- 
to salmon, tyee salmon, and saw-qui. This is by far the 
most important of all the salmons, being not only superior 
as to food qualities, but attains a greater size, has a wider 
distribution, and thus has greater commercial value than 
all others. In size there is no other salmon in all the world 
to compare with it. In the Yukon River of Alaska It 
reaches a weight of well over 100 pounds, and in the Colum- 
bia River it sometimes attains a growth of 80 pounds. To 
the southward, it gets smaller; however, in the Sacramento 
river specimens of 50 to 60 pounds have been taken. The 
average weight is about half the figures cited above. It 
ranges from Monterey Bay to the Yukon, as far as experts 
have been able to determine. 

The Blueback Salmon: 

The blueback salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is called 
in different parts of its range as blueback, reef fish, red sal- 
mon, Fraser River salmon, and sock eye or saw-qui. This 
fish is next to the smallest of all the salmons, the maximum 
weight being about fifteen pounds, the average 5 pounds. 



44 THE ANGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 

In many lakes it weighs only a half pound when mature, 
and is known as The little redfish. ' 

The Humpback Salmon: 

This salmon (Oneorhynchus gorbuscha) is the smallest 
of the Pacific salmons; average weight being only 5 
pounds, rarely weighing as much as 10 pounds. It ranges 
from San Francisco probably as far north as the Mackenzie 
River. 

The Silver Salmon: 

The Silver salmon (Oneorhynchus kisutch) is various- 
ly called silver salmon, silversides, skowitz, kisutch, hoopid 
salmon, and coho salmon. It is a beautiful fish, having a 
very graceful form and a bright silvery skin. 

The Dog Salmon: 

This is the least valuable of the Pacific salmons, al- 
though it is dried by the natives of Alaska for winter use. 
Its average weight is twelve pounds, the maximum being 
about 20 pounds. The range of this fish is from San Fran- 
cisco, to Kamchatka, and it is especially abundant in Alas- 
ka. 

The Steelhead: 

This salmon (Salmo gairdneri) is also known as Gaird- 
ner's trout, hardhead, winter salmon, square-tailed trout, 
and salmon trout. In general appearance and size it re- 
sembles the salmon of the Atlantic coast, being distinguish- 
ed from other Pacific coast salmon by its square tail in the 
spawning season, the small head, round snout, compara- 
tively slender form, its light-colored flesh, and its habit of 
spawning in the spring. Its average weight in the Colum- 
bia is about 10 pounds, but it sometimes reaches a weight 
<»F 30 pounds. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 45 

Its range reaches from Santa Barbara on the southern 
coast of California to the Alaskan Peninsula, and possibly 
to the Arctic Ocean, and it is found in practically all of the 
streams of the Pacific Coast States which empty into the 
ocean. 

SALMON FISHING: 

If you hanker after thrills, hie yourself to the salmon 
waters. This is a most reckles warrior, is the salmon, and 
sure to give you a run for your money. 

A rod of 14 feet is the longest you should get, and even 
an eleven foot rod will be found long enough for the care- 
ful handler, except in very swift water. 

In the matter of flies, Jock Scott, Fairies, or Silver 
Doctor are three good patterns, while there are many oth- 
ers perhaps equally as good. Black Dose and Durham 
Ranger are also excellent flies for salmon fishing. 

The Atlantic Salmon: 

This fish (Salmo salar) is moderately elongate and but 
slightly compressed in shape; the greatest depth being 
about one-fourth the total length minus the caudal fin. 

Its range, originally, in America seems to have been 
from Labrador or Hudson Bay on the north to the vicinity 
of New York on the south, but in many of the lakes and riv- 
ers which they entered, the species has been well-nigh ex- 
terminated by civilized man, and in the remaining inland 
parts of its range its numbers are apparently greatly de- 
creased. 

In certain lakes of Maine and northward the Atlantic 
Salmon is completely landlocked, and has somewhat differ- 
ent habits and coloration, but no distinct specific char- 
acteristics. 

The angler will find this species a game fighter worthy 
his best equipment and best efforts. Newfoundland is 
said to be the best salmon fishing region extant in the east. 



4t) THE ANGLi:R AND HUNTSMAN 

The Landlocked Salmon: 

This is only a variation of the seagoing form, and is 
found in Sebago Lake and numerous localities of the Unit- 
ed States and Canada. In our country it is known as Sal- 
mo salar sebago, while in Canada it is called scientifically 
Salmo salar ouananiche. 

As far as is known to science, landlocked salmon exist 
only in some of the lakes in Sweden, besides the lakes of 
eastern North America. 

This salmon is smaller and slenderer than the anad- 
romous salmon, but the flesh is fat and rich and has a very 
delicate flavor, being held in high esteem for its food qual- 
ities. 

La game qualities it is, for its size, the equal of any of 
the larger salmon, and it affords keen sport to the fly fish- 
erman. It is much sought after, and ranks in public fa- 
vor among the foremost of fresh water species. For 
thrilling action we recommend the landlocked salmon, and, 
no matter how much it costs you to take a trip to its haunts, 
we believe you will be well repaid. 

The Rainbow Trout: 

Sakno irideus, or rainbow trout has been the subject 
of many a fishing narrative, and right well does it deserve 
the honor and attention it has received at the hands of the 
sporting public, for it is one of the grandest of all our 
fishes. 

Its original habitat Avas the Pacific Coast of the Unit- 
ed States, being especially abundant in the mountain 
streams of California. It is now distributed in its various 
forms in many parts of the country. Ichthyologists have 
recognized the following forms : The brook trout, the Mc- 
Cloud river trout, the Kern river trout, the nashee or nis- 
suee tr(>ut, tlie golden trout. In the wide section of the 
West in which the fish abounds it has various names in the 



48 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

(lifforeiit l(K^a]ities, such as "red sides," "mouutain trout," 
•'brook trout", and "golden trout", also "rainbow trout," 
while in the states east of the Mississippi River it is gen- 
erally known as "rainbow trout" or "California trout." 

The Brook Trout: 

Salvelinus fontinalis, or brook trout is counted among 
the most beautiful, active, and widely distributed of the 
American trouts, preferring clear, cold, rapid streams, and 
belongs to that group of trout known as charrs, but it may 
be distinguished from the other charrs by the dark-brown 
or black marblings on the back and the general absence of 
spots on the back. 

The brook trout is highly esteemed for its table quali- 
ties, having a fine flavor. This trout is a dead game fel- 
low and consequently is much sought after by the follow- 
ers of Ike Walton. It has a voracious appetite and takes 
advantage of every opportunity to satisfy it except 
during the spawning season, at which time it will partake 
of no food at all. Being strictly a carnivorous fish, its food 
consists of Crustacea, mollusca, and various forms of in- 
sects and Avorms, but when pressed for hunger it will un- 
hesitatingly devour its own kind. 

The Lake Trout: 

Cristivomor namaycush, or lake trout is the largest of 
the trouts and is classed with the charrs. This species is 
found throughout the chain of the Great Lakes, and in the 
inland lakes of northern New York, New Hampshire, and 
Elaine; the headwaters of Columbia and Eraser Rivers, 
streams of Vancouver Island, and even waters within the 
Arctic Circle. Excepting the whitefishes, it is possibly 
■the most numerous food-fish of the Great Lakes, and for- 
merly none exceeded it in weight except the sturgeon. Some 
fishermen cite instances of lake trout weighing as much as 



THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 49 

125 pounds, but the average weight will run probably from 
20 to 30 pounds, perhaps less. 

The Whitefish: 

Coregonus clupeiformis, or whitefish, is essentially a 
lake fish, existing throughout the Great Lakes region, and 
being especially abundant in lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, 
and Superior, while the eastern limit of its range is Lake 
Champlain, and it is found in Lake Winnipeg, and possi- 
bly farther west. 

THE BLACK BASSES, CRAPPIES, AND ROCK BASS: 

These fishes are members of the family known as 
" Centrarchidae, " or fresh-water sunfishes, namely, the 
large-mouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides), the 
small-mouthed black bass (Micropterus dolomieu), the 
rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), the crappie (Pomoxis 
annularis), and the calico bass (Poxomis sparoides). 

Many fishermen find it hard to distinguish between 
the large-mouth black bass and the small-mouth black 
bass. The most reliable way to tell one from the other is by 
the number of rows of scales on the cheeks. The colors of 
each species vary with age and the size of the mouth varies 
with the size of the fish, but the scales are constant under 
all conditions. The following table will guide you: 

Large-mouth. 

Ten rows of scales on the cheeks; body scales large^ 
about 68 in the lateral line, 7 above and 16 below the line. 

Small -mouth. 

About 17 rows of small scales on the cheeks; body 
scales small, 11-74-17. 

The large-mouth black bass is variously known as 
Oswego bass, lake bass, green bass, yellow bass, moss bass, 



50 THE ANtiLEK AND HUNTSMAN 

bayou bass, trout, jumper, cbub, and Avelehman. In tbe 
North it is called black bass generally, and in Virginia and 
North Carolina it is usually designated as the chub, while in 
Florida and tbe southern states it is frequently called trout. 

The small-mouth black bass has been given in various 
regions the names: brown bass, lake bass, hog bass, ninny 
bass, black perch (used in tlie mountains of Virginia, 
Tennessee, and North Carolina) trout perch, brown trout, 
jumper, mountain trout, and other names of purely local 
use. 

Rock bass are knoAvn in different parts of their range 
as red-eye, red-eye perch, goggle-eye. 

The calico bass has been given the names of strawber- 
ry bass, grass bass, bitter-head, barfish, lamplighter, gog- 
gle-eye, goggle-eye perch, speckled perch, and speckled 
trout, while the crappie is known in its native waters as 
crappie, new light, campbellite, sac-a-lait, l)achelor, crop- 
pie, cropet, and chinquapin perch. 

Rock bass have a habit of settling down in dense, com- 
pact masses, like a swarm of bees, and when once the ang- 
ler gets a rock bass to creel he can count on there being 
plenty others in the same spot. This fish will pugnacious- 
ly strike at the lure, and apparently take the hook on that 
account more than from a desire for food. 

The calico bass is' also a fairh^ game fighter, and will 
give the angler many a sportful moment. 

In Kentucky, the black bass has acquired a common 
name which perhaps suits it better than any other applied 
to it, namely '^ jumper." Both the large-mouth and the 
small-mouth are famous for their jumping ability, to which 
every angler can testify. Especially are they active and 
have an inclination to show their jumping ability when 
they have temperate or cool water for a habitat. In warm- 
er water they are a bit sluggish, ])ut the l)lack bass of the 
colder northern waters puts up a fight worthy of the 
salmon. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 51 

Large-mouth bass have been known to weigh as high 
as 23 pounds. Not infrequently, we are told, they are tak- 
en from the San Marcos Biver, Texas, weighing 12 to 15 
pounds, while six and eight pound bass in the southern 
tributaries of the Mississippi and in the inland lakes of 
Florida excite no surprise. 

The small-mouth only attains a weight of 5 or 6 pounds 
at a maximum, 2 1-2 pounds perhaps exceeding the average 
size. 

Rock bass usually weigh only from a half pound to 
three-quarters of a pound, but some attain one pound, and 
exceptions to the rule weigh as high as 3 pounds. 

The crappie and the strawberry bass will, generally, 
not exceed one pound in weight, but some have been 
caught that weighed as much as three pounds. 

MISCELLANEOUS FRESH WATER FISHES: 

In addition to the fresh-water and anadromous fishes 
described in the foregoing pages, there are a number of 
others, including some species Avhich have been introduced 
into this country from Europe. 

Minor Trouts and the Grayling: 

Salmo mykiss, or black-spotted trout is somewhat 
similar to the European sea trout or salmon trout (Salmo 
trutta) and in various parts of its range possesses the same 
half-migratory habits. This species is widely distributed, 
quite abundant and varies greatly in color and structure. 
Its range extends from Alaska to Mexico, being abundant 
in the streams of the Coast Range, Sierra Nevada, and 
Rocky Mountains, and also in some of the lakes in the same 
regions. It attains a weight of 30 pounds, with an average 
much less. 

Then there is the Lake Tahoe or Truckee trout (Salmo 
mykiss henshawi) ; the Colorado River trout (Salmon mykiss 



52 THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 

pleuriticus), and. the yellow-fin trout (Salmo mykiss mac- 
donaldi), all of which are handsome game fishes of great 
food value. 

The Scotch lake trout, or Loch Leven trout (Salmo 
trutta levenensis), and the European brown trout or brook 
trout, or Von Behr trout (Salmo fario), were introduced 
into this country a few years ago by the U. S. Fish com- 
mission, and they have since become widely distributed in 
this country. 

European sea trout in small numbers, also called sal- 
mon trout (Salmo trutta), have been introduced, while the 
species called the Swiss lake trout, European charr, or sai- 
bling (Salvelinus alpinus), has been propagated, on a small 
scale. 

Tlie Michigan grayling (Thymallus ontariensis) is nat- 
urally found in some of the streams of Michigan, although 
it is caught in limited numbers from other waters. It is 
one of the most attractive of fresh-water fishes, and is a 
game fighter from start to finish. The Montana gray- 
ling (Thymallus ontariensis montanus) inhabits a limited 
region in the headwaters of the Missouri river, and is quite 
abundant in some streams. The Artie grayling (Thymal- 
lus signifer) ranges from the Mackenzie River westward 
through Alaska and northward to the Arctic Ocean. 

The Muskellunge: 

"The "Muskie," as this, the largest member of the pike 
family, is familiarly called, is one of our best game fish, 
ranking right up in the front rank as a fighter, and there- 
fore is a great favorite with the average angler. It's 
scientific name is "Lucius masquinongy." It reaches a 
maximum weight of about 80 pounds, but the average 
weight is something like 25 or 30 j^omids. It ranges thru 
the Great Lakes, IJpper Mississippi Valley, Ohio Valley, 
and lakes in Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, Ontario 
and elsewhere. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 53 

The ^'muskie" is provided by nature with a formidable 
weapon in the shape of a very large mouth and strong 
teeth, enabling it to capture with comparative ease living 
fish, which forms its principal diet. In order to effect 
their capture, it lies in ambush for them among the water- 
plants that carpet the lake or river bed, springing sudden- 
ly upon its prey with lightning-like quickness. From its 
very nature it is a hard and fast striker, hence much 
sought after by anglers. 

The Yellow Perch: 

This fish (Perca flavescens), besides being known as 
yellow perch, is called ring perch, striped perch and rac- 
coon perch. It is very strikingly marked and is one of the 
best known fresh-water fishes of the Atlantic and North 
Central States. It is classified as of the spinj^-rayed type 
and by some scientists is given first place among fishes. 
Its range extends from Nova Scotia to North Carolina in 
coastwise waters, throughout the Great Lakes, and the 
Upper Mississippi Valley, being abundant almost wherever 
found. It bites readily at the baited hook and is caught 
in large quantities by anglers. 

The Striped Bass and the White Perch: 

This fish, sometimes called the rockfish (Roccus line- 
atus), ranges from New Brunswick to western Florida, and 
is especially abundant from New York to North Carolina. 
It is readily caught by anglers on the coast and in the bays, 
soimds, and streams. 

The white perch (Morone americana) is of the 
same family as the striped bass, closely resembling it in 
range, habits, etc., but it grows much smaller than the lat- 
ter. At that, it is one of our choicest pan fishes. 

The Sturgeons: 
We have half a dozen species of sturgeon in the waters 
of the United States, as follows: The common and the 



54 ■ THE AXULEK AXD HUNTtSMAX 

short-nosed sturgeons (Acipenser sturio and A. breviros- 
tris), which are found only on the Atlantic Coast, ascend- 
ing rivers to spawn; the white sturgeon and green stur- 
geon (A. transmontanus and A. niedirostris) are found on- 
ly in the waters of the Pacific Coast; the lake or rock stur- 
geon (A. rubicundus) is found in the Great Lakes, Upper 
Mississipi^i Valley, and other northern interior waters, and 
the shovel-nose sturgeon or white sturgeon (Scaphirhyn- 
chus platyrhynchus) is found in the Mississippi and va- 
rious other streams of the South and West. 

The common sturgeon of the Atlantic Coast grows as 
large as 500 pounds, or over, but the average is probably 
about 150 pounds. The lake sturgeon reaches a weight 
of approximately 200 pounds, but the average is only 60 
pounds. The Pacific white sturgeon attains a weight of 
848 pounds, and those weighing as much as 500 pounds 
were not scarce a few years ago in the Columbia river, the 
average being 150 pounds, but now it is much less. 

The Flatfish, or Winter Flounder: 

This fish is known scientifically by the terrific and 
lengthy term "Pseudophnironectes americanus," and the" 
body is regularly elliptical, The evv'S and color are on the 
right side, the upper side of the head being covered with 
imbricated ctenoid scales similar to those of the body, 
while the blind side of the head is nearly naked. Having 
a small mouth, this species feeds chiefly on small shells, 
crabs, and other bottom animals. It is found on sand}^ mud- 
dy, and rocky bottoms, seeming to prefer sheltered coves 
and bays. This fish is one of the most abundant flounders of 
the Atlantic coast, and is especially numerous in southern 
New England and New York. Its range extends as far 
north as Labrador and as far south as the Carolinas, but is 
not plentiful south of New Jersey. The average weight is 
about a pound and one-half. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN DD 

MISCELLANEOUS MARINE FISHES: 

Among- marine fishes are several worttiy of spe- 
cial mention, such as the tautog, Spanish mackerel, pollock, 
and haddock; also sea herring, scup, sea bass, squeteague, 
cunner, sheepshead, and several flounders. 

The Tautog:. 

This fish (Tantoga onitis) is a strongly marked spe- 
cies and belongs to a family (Labridae, or the wrasses) 
characterized in part by one dorsal fin, thoracic ventral 
fins, double nostrils, thick lips, and strong teeth in the 
jaws. The eye is small and placed high on the side of the 
head. This fish is found from Maine to South Carolina, 
being most abundant in the waters of Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, and New York. Its strong and sharp teeth 
enable it to consume mollusks and crustaceans, which con- 
stitute its chief food, and it also eats sand-dollars, worms, 
and other animals. It bites quite readily and is a great fa- 
vorite with anglers. Its average weight ranges from 2 to 3 
pounds, however tautog weighing 6 to 15 pounds are by no* 
means rare. 

The Spanish Mackerel: 

This fish (Scomberomorus maculatus) is widely dis- 
tributed, being found on both coasts of North America. 
On the west coast it does not enter United States waters, 
but on the Atlantic seaboard it ranges from Texas to Mas- 
sachusetts, and is especially abundant in the Gulf of Mex- 
ico, among the Florida Keys, in Chesapeake Bay, and on 
the coast of the Middle Atlantic States. It is one of our 
most important food fishes. 

Haddock, Pollock and Other Gadidae: 

These are important food fishes. The pollock is found 
from New Jersey northward, while the haddock ranges 



56 THE AXGLEK AXD HUNTSMAN 

from Delaware northward, and is, or has been, quite nu- 
merous on the "banks" lying off the New England shore. 
It is similar to the cod in habits, being found in the same 
places and at the same time as the latter. There is a fish 
called the tomcod or f rostfish (Microgadus tomcod), which 
has been extensively propagated by the New York Fish 
Commission. It is a small, but dandy food fish, and ranges 
from New York to the Bay of Fundy. It is especially ex- 
cellent in early winter, at which season it ascends the 
streams for the purpose of spawning. It seldom exceeds 10 
or 12 inches in length. 

The Gunner: 

This fish (Ctenolabrus adspersus) is a close relation 
of the tautog, but on account of its small size, great abun- 
dance, and comparatively little commercial value, the pro- 
pagation of the cunner has not been seriously undertaken. 

The Scup: 

This is a rather important small food fish found along 
'the Atlantic coast, scientifically called "Stenotomus chry- 
sops." Its range extends from Cape Ann to South Caro- 
lina, being most abundant in New England. It is a favor- 
ite with some anglers. 

The Sea Bass: 

The sea bass (Centropristes striatus) is another im- 
portant food fish, found from Massachusetts to Florida, 
and is taken in large numbers especially from New Jersey 
northward with both lines and other devices. It grows 
to five pounds in weight, the average being, however, only 
1 or 1 and 1-2 pounds. 

The Squeteague: 

The Squeteague or weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) is 
one of the important food fishes of the Atlantic and Gulf 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 57 

coasts, ranging- northward as far as Cape Cod. It varies 
greatly in size, but the average weight is under 5 pounds. 
The weakfish, as it is commonly called, however, has been 
known to attain a weight of 30 pounds. 

The spotted squeteague or "sea trout" (Cynoscion 
nebulosum) is also a valuable food-fish, and ranges from 
Chesapeake Bay southward, being taken in largest num- 
bers in Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, and the Culf 
States. It reaches a maximum weight of 10 pounds, the 
average weight being about 2 pounds. 

The Sheepshead: 

This fish (Archosargus probatocephalus) is generally 
accounted one of the best food-fishes of American waters. 
It has a deep body, of a grayish color, marked by 9 trans- 
verse black bands, and a peculiarly shaped head, with 
mouth armed with prominent incisor teeth, which make it 
easily recognizable. Its range extends from Cape Cod to 
Texas, being found in greater abundance from Chesapeake 
Bay southward. It reaches a weight of more than 20 
pounds, the average on the Atlantic coast, however, being 
not more than 7 or 8 pounds, and in the Gulf of Mexico it 
seldom exceeds 3 pounds. In southern waters this fish is 
a permanent resident, but in the northern portion of its 
range it is found only during spring, summer and autumn. 

The Sea Herring: 

This fish is scientifically denominated ''Clupea haren- 
gus," and exists in great abundance on both shores of the 
Atlantic Ocean north of the latitude of about 37 degrees 
north. On the coast of North America it is not regularly 
abundant south of Cape Cod, but is occasionally found as 
far south as Chesapeake Bay. In numbers this species is 
said to be exceeded by no other fish. It is also found 
abundantly on the Pacific Coast, but is there known as a 



58 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

scientifically different species, being called "Clupea pal- 
la sii." 

The herring thrives upon minute invertebrates, prin- 
cipally copepods, larval worms, and larval mollusks. It is 
in turn eaten in great numbers by its enenues the cod, the 
haddock, sharks and many other fishes. 

The Sand-Dab and Four-Spotted Flounder: 

Besides the flatfish or winter flounder, two other 
flounders have been propagated artificially, namely, the 
Sand-Dab and Four-Spotted Flounder. 

Tarpon, or Silver King: (Megalops Thrissoides.) 

This great game fish is common on the gulf coast. It 
is a huge creature often weighing several hundred pounds, 
and takes a great amount of skill, endurance, and patience 
to land one. The tarpon angler ofttimes has a life-and- 
death grapple with his fish lasting over a period of many 
hours, before he is able to land his prize. It is a very 
thrilling feature of deep-sea angling, and nowadays light 
tackle, or comparatively light tackle, is used with consider- 
able success. Lightness of tackle must l)e offset by one's 
skill. Mullet is the bait commonly used for this class of 
fishing. 

Blue Fish: (Pomatomus Saltatrix.) 

This fish ranges along our coast from Central Brazil, 
Guianas, the Gulf of Mexico, north to Nova Scotia. They 
are generally abundant and a species that prey upon other 
fishes, which form their sole diet. 

These fish are usually captured by trolling, and furnish 
excellent sport. 

The Pike: (Esox Lucius.) 

Every angler who resides within their range, or who 
has journeyed to the region wherein they have their habi- 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 59 

tat, will agree with us when we say that here is one of 
America's finest game fishes — a good fighter and a thor- 
oughly game denizen of our inland waters. There are six 
or probably seven species of this genus. Their princi- 
pal range is throughout the lakes and rivers of the North- 
west. This fish often attains a size of from eighteen to 
twenty pounds, measuring up to three feet in length. It 
is one of the gamest and most vicious fighters that ever 
tied on to an angler's lure, and will make you think you've 
got a whale hooked instead of a mere inland game fish be- 
fore you have finally landed him. A good rod to use for 
this kind of fishing is a rod about nine feet in length made 
of choice lancewood or bethabara, and it is well to use a 
good strong (but not too heavy) line that can stand the 
strain. The amateur will need heavier tackle for all fish- 
ing until he gets to be a thorough -going angler, at which 
time he can discard his heavy outfit and use regular sports- 
man's light weight tackle. • 

Wall-Eyed Pike: (Stizostedium vitreum.) 

In the Northwest these fish are sometimes called 
salmon, which is not a correct name. They readily take 
the lure and are generally found in rather large numbers 
within their range, which is most all Northern waters. 
They are especially plentiful in the lake region of Northern 
Wisconsin. 

Pickerel: (Esox Genus.) 

This is one of the members of the genus "Esox" hav- 
ing several species, including the common Eastern Pick- 
eral, or Green Pike, the Vulgate Humpbacked Pickerel, of 
the Western States; the Banded Pickerel or Trout Pick- 
erel, of the Atlantic streams; and the Little Pickerel, or 
Western Trout Pickerel. 

The pickerel is very pugnacious as a fighter and will 
put up a stiff resistence for several long moments. 



60 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

White Perch: (Roccus Americanus. ) 

White perch are i»aine fighters and offer great sport 
to anglers throughont their range. While not as i3romi- 
nently mentioned as some game fishes, they are an impor- 
tant species, and deserve greater notice from the angling 
Ijiiblic. 

Deep -Sea Fishing: 

A\^iile the foregoing list of fishes includes our most im- 
portant inland game fishes, there are found in the ocean's 
briny deep large and small game fish beyond the power of 
our enumeration. In the ocean are found not only the larg- 
est fish, but the largest of all living creatures, greatly 
larger than any shore animal recorded in histor}^ and 
while the land surface of this old mundane sphere has 
been pretty thoroughly examined from pole to pole, there 
are depths of the seas yet unexplored and monsters of the 
deep yet unrecorded mi the page of science. 

Man feels overawed on gazing upon for the first time 
the stupendous elephant; but what is the elephant com- 
pared to the whale, measuring from sixty to a hundred 
feet in length, and corresi)ondingly thick? This animal, 
although it outwardly resembles a fish, is, nevertheless, 
not classed as such, because it gives birth to live young 
ones, whilst fish lay eggs, from which the young come 
forth after some time. Fish breathe under the water 
through their gills, whilst the whale has real honest-to- 
goodness lungs, and so must from time to time come to the 
surface to breathe; if it did not it would suffocate like other 
animals which are accustomed to live in the open air. 

Consider the mighty tuna, the swordfish, the sailfish! 
Three might}^ warriors are these, and many a sportsman 
will tell you what game qualities each possesses. Some of 
the most thrilling experiences the man with the rod and reel 
ever had were had with one or more of these fishes. Some- 
times the battle lasted for hours with the issue of the con- 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 61 

flict imcertain up to the last minute, yes, u^^ to the very 
last second that life existed in the member of the finny 
tribe. Noted \yriters haye described deep-sea fishing in 
all its entrancing, exhilarating qualities. Yet the subject 
has only been lightly touched. Much of mystery and charm 
remains to be learned of the sea and its denizens. 

It has been proyen by a scientist (to whom I am indebt- 
ed for this data. Prof. J. B. Martens, of St. Nikolas, Bel- 
gium) that the sea is more densely populated than the land. 
Think of the herring and codfish, which for centuries haye 
been caught by hundreds of millions without any apparent 
decrease in their numbers. 

The farther north you go on land the fewer is the 
number of liying l:)eings on land you will find; the faculty 
of growth seems to diminish, the plants shrink, and gradu- 
aUy animals become scarcer and scarcer. Not so in the 
sea, which is full of life always and eyerywhere, and in lat- 
itudes where the soil, frozen nearly the whole year round, 
does not yield any haryest to man, he finds ample compen- 
sation for this in the fisheries, for the water which washes 
these northern shores contains such an abundance of pro- 
yisions that it can neyer be exhausted. 

The large carniyorous animals, like the lion, tiger, &c., 
seldom eyer liye in herds ; as a general rule only a couple of 
them occupy the same giyen extent of territory. But in the 
sea we find still greater carniyorous animals than the lion 
and the tiger; among these are the yarious kinds of dolphins, 
which, from a scientific point of yiew, must be classed with 
the whales, because they also haye lungs, and come to the 
surface to breathe. Altho' not as large as the whale, the 
dolphin must neyertheless be classed among the larger sea 
animals, for its length yaries from eight to twenty and eyen 
as higli as forty feet. In olden times this animal was con- 
sidered a friend to man, it eyen being said that the dolphins 
could show affection, but to tell the truth, its only loye is 
for prey, and the dolphins are really nothing less than bar- 



G2 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

barons gluttons, which make great havoc among the in- 
habitants of the sea. This bloodthirsty animal does not 
live in couples like the carnivorous land animals, but are 
found in large herds or schools. Could this be possible, the 
scientist asks, if those animals on which these pirates of 
the sea live did not increase in extraordinarily large 
numbers ? 

The whale also lives on live animals. It can well be imag- 
ined what a vast quantity of sea life it would have to de- 
vour to satiate its appetite. 

But, passing from the whales and dolphins to the real 
fish, we find that they also, with very few exceptions, are 
carnivorous. It has been said by a noted scientist that the 
water is an enormous battle-field, where life is only main- 
tained by constant slaughter. It is easy to observe the 
cruel and gluttonous character of the fish. Put some of the 
little fish — say sticklebacks, in a large glass full of water. 
As they are quite lively little fellows, they will, in the be- 
ginning, afford more pleasure than gold fish, which please 
the eye by their beautiful red color, but which are so slow 
in their movements that one might well think they are 
pining away or else sick. If a little worm unfortunately 
should attract the attention of the sticklebacks, it is made 
the object of very violent attacks, and is soon devoured. 

If you should pnt in the glass small fish, just a few 
days old, and not any larger than tiny worms, not a single 
one of them will escape these greedy gluttons. So greedy 
are they after flesh that if properly fed they can be easily 
trained. As soon as some small pieces of flesh are thrown 
into the water they will approach rapidly, and by repeating 
this experiment four or five times, they can be taught to 
come to the surface as soon as they see the hand stretched 
out over the water. This spectacle, however, is soon fol- 
lowed by another pitiable one. The sticklebacks, confined 
within the narrow confines of the glass, do not find food 
enough, and thereupon begin to attack each other, and soon 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 63 

a desperate civil war is being waged in the glass. The 
stronger pursue the weaker, and although they are not able 
to swallow them entire, they nevertheless inflict terrible 
wounds on them. Soon some of the fish maj^ be seen to be 
hindered in their movements, having had their tails bitten 
off entirely or in part. The wound soon grows worse, and 
the poor little animal finally ceases to live; but even in its 
death agonies it is assailed by its cruel enemies. The fish 
continue this war until only two are left, which retire each 
to a different corner of the glass, like fistic champions in a 
boxing arena, and here they sit and watch each other with 
eyes full of hatred and envy; and if one of -them is bold 
enough to enter the domain of his antagonist the result is 
a combat to the finish. 

Now, if this is the way the little sticklebacks act, what 
can we expect from the greed}^ pike, which scientists call 
the scourge of fresh water, or the dangerous shark, which 
reaches the size of the large dolphins and is constantly 
roaming the seven seas, devouring everything that comes 
its way? Woe to the unfortunate sailor who falls over- 
board in shark-infested waters. 

If we consider that nearly all fish are carnivorous and 
live by robbing and murdering, we must confess that the 
population of the sea must be infinitely larger than that of 
the land, for in any other case fish w^ould not find food 
enough. 

''If such is the case," the close reader will ask, "why 
is it that fish are still so plentiful?" It would doubtless 
appear to many that if these barbarous methods are pur- 
sued, water life must soon die out and become extinct. 
"How can any race of animals exist when such a continu- 
ous slaughter is transpiring?" "How is it that the larg- 
er of these insatiable animals have not long since entirely 
destroyed the smaller ones, finally to die themselves of star- 
vation, leaving nothing but their skeletons in the waters 
of the ocean which has by that time become a howling wild- 



64 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

eriiess?" These are some of the questions the observant 
person will ask, and these questions are very readily an- 
swered. 

In the first place, those animals which are intended 
to serve as a prey to others are endowed with greater fe- 
cundity; they produce more young ones than those ani- 
mals which live on them; nature lias provided this balance; 
so the carnivorous animals are therefore never in want of 
food, which consists of weaker animals, and still the races 
of the latter do not die out. 

It will readily be seen how life in the water does not 
become extinct, in spite of all the scenes of murderous car- 
nage which are enacted, if we remember that, as a general 
rule, the water animals increase much more than land ani- 
mals. There are animals destroyed in innumerable quan- 
tities, both by their natural enemies and by man. Such 
are the herring and the codfish whose numbers do not 
seem to have materially decreased in the course of centu- 
ries. This will easily be understood when we state that a 
single herring produces 60,000 eggs, Avhile the codfish ma- 
tures as many as 2,000,000. It must also be remembered 
that the young fry hatched from these eggs grows up with- 
out any great difficulty. Young fish know how to care 
for themselves the moment they emerge from the egs^, and 
father and mother need not look after them. The work of 
the codfish would be overwhelming if, like the birds, it 
had to feed its innumerable young. 

The sea is not only rich in fish, but also in other ani- 
mals. In its depths live all sorts of strange and unre- 
corded monsters. Science has barely touched the subject. 
Man}' revelations remain to be unfolded by future genera- 
tions. 

Only recently scientists were confronted with a baf- 
fling specimen of the deep, caught by Captain Charles H. 
Thompson off the Florida Keys. Leading scientists say 
it is the world's largest fish, yet some say it is only a mere 
babv of its tribe. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 65. 

The strange monster was on exhibition recently in all 
the leading cities approachable by the yacht, on board 
which the monster was taken from place to place. The 
following is the newspaper account of it published at the 
time it was being shown in the principal lake, river, and 
coastal cities: 

''What is declared by scientists to be the largest fish 
known in history or ever captured in the history of the 
world, will be on exhibition in this cit}^ on board the yacht 
Tamiami. It is so big, in fact, it could have swallowed 
twent}^ Jonahs witliout suffering the slightest pangs of in- 
digestion. 

"Of course it is harmless now, but before it suc- 
cumbed to the effects of five harpoon thrusts and 151 
good-sized bullets in a battle which lasted thirty-nine 
hours its animal instincts were so fierce that a blackfish 
weighing 1,500 pounds, an octopus weighing 400 pounds 
and 500 pounds of coral only served it as an appetizer of 
the mildest sort. 

"This is a big fish story, but it is a true one, and is 
vouched for in every detail b}^ the highest scientific au- 
thorities. 

"The strange and mysterious monster, which, as 
stated above, will be on exhibition in this city, on board 
the yacht Tamiami, anchored at river front, foot of Vine 
Street, from 9 a. m. to 10:30 p. m., is 45 feet in length and 
measures 23 feet, 9 inches in circumference. It weighed 
when captured 15 tons, or 30,000 pounds, and its liver 
alone Aveighed 1,700 pounds. 

"Think of harpooning such a monster as this and be- 
ing dragged through the water at express train speed for 
hundreds of miles over the ocean for two days and nights 
before the game was up and the capture safely landed. 
Think of catching a fish with a mouth big enough to hold 
three men of ordinary size and of such strange and pe- 
culiar shape that men of science stood astounded. Sounds 



66 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

like a Jonah stoiy, doesn't it? And for all one knows to 
the contraiy, it may be and unquestionably is the sequel 
to that story in the Bible that for ages has proved the 
stumbling block of men of science and made ministers of 
every creed use their wit and ingenuity to logically ex- 
plain the story of the big fish that swallowed the Hebrew 
prophet some thousands of years ago." 

Captain Thompson Proves Story: 

It remains for Captain Charles H. Thompson, of Mi- 
ami, Fla., to end the controversy, as to him belongs the 
credit of capturing the monster that could have swallowed 
Jonah with the greatest ease, had it been in the neighbor- 
hood when the prophet fell overboard from the ship that 
he was traveling on. 

Nobody is better known in the world of sports than 
Captain Thompson. For years he has been and still is the 
favored patron of the Vanderbilts, and Whitneys and 
other millionaire sportsmen who frequent the lower east 
coast and who invariably engage him to accompany them 
on their trips through the Everglades and through the 
magic waters of the Florida Keys after big game fish, for 
Avhich this section is noted. 

Captain Thompson encountered this strange fish 
while cruising off the lower Florida Keys in that stretch 
of water that for more than a century was the scene of 
countless thrilling adventures and romantic exploits alike 
of Spanish explorers and bloodthirsty pirates. 

Long the home of romance and mystery, it seems only 
natural that this strangest and most mysterious of mon- 
sters should have been discovered lurking in these magical 
waters. Capt. Thompson had captured many a wonderful 
inhabitant of these teeming waters, ranging all the way 
from predatory sharks to terrible devil fish, but nothing 
so strange, so weird, so luiaccountable as this extraordinary 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 67 

creature, this puzzle to the scientific world, which has be- 
come known as the Deep Sea Mystery, ever came out of the 
sea before. 

With the first announcement in the papers of the re- 
markable capture, Captain Thompson was flooded with 
letters and telegrams from all over the country asking for 
descriptions and particulars of the Avonder, and the interest 
became so widespread and insistent that after having the 
imique specimen preserved at great expense by Prof. J. S. 
Warmbeth, who was recommended by the Smithsonian In- 
stitution at Washington, he decided to exhibit the wonder 
throughout the coimtry, and this he did. 

He had a large sea-going yacht constructed, the entire 
lower deck being especially designed to accommodate the 
monster fish, and was made sufficiently large for as many 
as 500 spectators to view the fish from every side. This 
palatial yacht was built at a cost of over $30,000. 

The mouth of the Deep Sea Mystery is an enormous 
cavitv 30 inches wide and 54 inches deep, situated right at 
the end of the snout, and resembles that of a monstrous 
catfish more than anything else. Inside the mouth is a 
tongue 40 inches long, and gullet large enough to swallow 
a giant octopus weighing 400 pounds. It has numerous 
other characteristics of the true fish, which it undoubtedly 
is. There are no ribs and in place of a backbone its spinal 
column consisted of cartilaginous vertebrae, some of which 
were 13 1-2 inches wide and showing signs of ossification. 
This was proof beyond doubt that the creature was still un- 
developed — it was a baby of its tribe in fact. 

Naturalists are of the opinion that a full grown speci- 
men w^ould be two and one-half times as large as the baby 
captured by Capt. Thompson, and that had this animal liv- 
ed out its allotted time it would have attained the stupen- 
dous proportions of 115 feet in length and 20 or 25 feet 
broad. 

The tail of this creature measures ten feet from tip to 



6S THK AXGLKK AND HUNTSMAN 

ti]); tlic ix'ctoral fin is five feet long, and three feet wide, 
wiiile the dorsal fin is three feet long and two feet nine 
inches wide. With this huge muscular tail as motive pow- 
er the creature was able to hurl itself through the waters 
for hours witli almost the speed of an ex^jress train, and. 
dragging Capt. Thompson's boat behind it, not even the 
swiftest motor boat could have kept pace with it. 

In appearance, the huge monster resembles a great 
fish, but scientists are dvmil3founded as to its place among 
the species. It is beyond doubt a true fish, possessing all 
the well-known characteristics of a fish, including the gills, 
which are four feet long and by means of wdiich it breathes. 
Yet it does not resemble any certain species recorded by 
science. 

Here are some of the facts about the Deep Sea Monster: 
Measures 45 feet in length; w^eighs 15 tons, or nearly 
thirty thousand pounds; its liver alone weighed 1,700 
pounds, or more than ten full-grown men put together; it 
is twenty-three feet around the body, and its tail measures 
ten feet from tip to tip; it has swallowed an octopus weigh- 
ing 400 pounds, a blackfish weighing fifteen hundred 
pounds, and five hundred pounds of coral was also found 
in its stomach; it could have swallowed twenty Jonahs 
without suffering the slightest pangs of indigestion; it 
smashed a boat into thousands of pieces and crushed the 
rudder and propeller of a thirty-one-ton yacht with a single 
swish of its mighty tail ; five harpoon thrusts and one hun- 
dred and fifty large caliber rifle bullets only served to in- 
crease its fury, and it took five days to finally kill it; the 
battle lasted thirty-nine hours — two days and a night in 
o[)en water, with the monster dragging a small boat at ex- 
press train speed for hundreds of miles; scientific authori- 
ties believe that the creature was an inhabitant of depths 
more than fifteen hundred feet below the surface, and that 
it was blown up hy some subterranean or volcanic upheaval 
which injured its diving apparatus so that it was unable to 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 69 

return to its native depths; its hide is three inches thick, 
enabling it to withstand the most enormous water pres- 
sure, a pressure ahnost inconceivable to man; its eyes, 
Avhich were small, have no lids and were never closed, indi- 
cating- that it lived at a de^jth where eyes were of no avail; 
the creature is not classified in natural history, the genus 
or species is unknown, and it is not only the most remark- 
able zoological specimen, but the largest specimen of the 
fish tribe known in history; every undertaking establish- 
ment on the Florida East Coast from Jacksonville to Key 
West gave up their entire supply of formaldehyde to pre- 
serve the monster, and over nineteen barrels were used. 

This is the greatest deep-sea fishing story in existence, 
and this sport, while dangerous, is indulged in by an ever 
growing army of ardent fishermen, who like to match their 
wits and energy against these great fishes of the sea. 

Many a page has been filled by the daring acts of the 
deep-sea fisherman, and much still remains to be written 
upon the subject. Capt. Thomx3Son has contributed one 
of the most daring feats yet recorded, but who knows but 
that some day, sooner or later, one of these FULL-GROAVN 
Deep Sea Mysteries will be forced to the surface by some 
mishap and that some sportsman may tie on to him as 
Capt. Thompson did. Then will the Avorld be astounded as 
never before. 

Tackle makers had better begin preparing for that 
fateful day, and Ixmd their wits to devising methods of 
capture and tackle that will hold the monsters of the sea yet 
undiscovered. 

Scientists had always claimed that the depths of the 
sea was nothing but a dark desert, without inhabitants or 
vegetation, but this theory has since been exploded. In 
those days they only reasoned from speculations, to engage 
in which they need not leave their comfortable studies, but 
in our time it has been shown how deceptive such specula- 
tions mav be, and how necessarv it is to examine nature 



70 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

herself, and, so to speak, to eatch lier in the very act, if you 
wish to learn her mysteries. Because we know that the 
animals of the upper world live under such and such con- 
ditions, we have no right to conclude therefore that the 
depths of the sea remain uninhabitable, and so this huge 
monster recently captured will cause some of the scientists 
to re-shape their oi)inions along this line. 

LAKE AND STREAM FISHING: 

This class of fishing is the most important kind of 
fishing to be had in America for the reason that the great- 
er part of our anglers find it more convenient to fish in 
nearby lakes and streams than to visit the distant sea. 

Of course, large numbers of sportsmen living in close 
j)roximity to the ocean may indulge in the luxury and pleas- 
ure of sea-fishing, but the great mass of anglers find this 
inconvenient and in some cases next to impossible. There- 
fore, they must be content to enjoy the equally as pleasur- 
able (if slightly less exciting) form of inland game fishing. 

The inland fisherman is blessed with a variety of fish- 
ing in America quite beyond compare, for here we find in 
our lakes, rivers, and streams everything desired in the 
way of game fish. Show me a species of the finny tribe 
that can outfight the battling black bass, the mighty sal- 
mon, the lake trout, rainbow trout, brook trout, the mighty 
"muskie," and our other inland game fish! I do not thinlv 
the inland game fish of any other country can offer so 
much fighting ability in so many species as can America. 
Then there's the Great Northern Pike, one of the most 
brilliant fighters that ever tied on to an angler's line! 

Indeed, what necessity is there for our inland anglers 
to be jealous of their brethren along the sea-coast? None 
whatever. If there is any jealousy to spare on either side, 
we think it's coming quite the other way, maintaining that 
the sportsman who has yet to land his first pike, his first 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 71 

black bass, or his first trout, has missed a great deal of 
the joys of fishing. These are joys never forgotten. In 
his old age, the angler will recall those pleasant memories, 
memories that never die while life remains. The writer 
can recall fishing trip after fishing trip just as vividly as 
tho' it happened yesterday. I distinctly remember one 
outing in particular that I shall never forget. 

Leisurely we i>addled the small boat up the silently 
flowing Licking River, notliing intervening to mar our 
pleasure or peace of mind on the way. 

''Gosh, this is a darned sight better 'n pining away back 
there in town, isn't it?" chimes Doc. 

"Those are exactly my sentiments, old top," I an- 
swered. 

So we paddled on, finally reaching the mouth of Raven 
Creek, fishing waters long noted in local history. 

With a few deft strokes of the oars. Doc had the craft 
in a good position in the center of the creek where it emptied 
its crystal flow into the broad waters of the Licking; 
then we fished down stream, the current carrying our 
floats, or corks, swiftly toward the river. 

This is the season when artificial bait is used in this 
region. Earlier it would have been useless to use flies, or 
spinners, as the waters that flow through the level portion 
of the State are very muddy during the rainy season. 
Nothing less than live minnows, crawfish, angleworms, or 
"devils" would attract a denizen of the deep during that 
period. 

Now, however, late in summer, the rains abated and 
the water was clear as that of a mountain torrent, and so 
flies and spinners were in order. 

I distinctly remember every detail of the trip. It 
comes back to me as a vivid dream, only more real, of 
course. Doc was the first to land his quarry. It was a 
whopping black bass of the species "Micropterus dolo- 
mieu," a small-mouth. Submarines weren't in the running 



/-: THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

at all in comparison Avitli that bass. It sure was some 
sprinter. Doe finally bronglit it to creel, however, after a 
lengthy argmnent during ^^'hich it was uncertain Avho would 
win the joint debate. 

The next one tied on to my line. And it was one of 
those fellows with a head full of fish sense. He struck 
right out toward the boat, accumulating the necessary slack 
line, then, with a mighty "flop, skip, and a jump" leaped 
clear of the water and l)egan shaking himself, trying to all 
intent and ijurposes to shake the dratted hook out of his 
mouth, but I saw what was up and gathered in the slack, 
forestalling his bold attempt to escape. The effort of the 
fish, tho' vain, was oft repeated, and more than once be- 
fore 1 Finally plunked him safe aboard boat it looked like 
he had things "all his own way with a down-hill pull." 
Gee! but it was a plumb beauty, too. Tipped the scales 
evenly at four pounds, one ounce. kSouic fish for these 
Avaters, and every inch a fighter. 

But there was a comic role to be played that eventful 
day. and as fate would have it, Doc was the "goat." Jle 
had been watching me land the prize with a jealousy ill 
concealed, and when finally he got another strike he bent 
all his energies to landing the fish that he hoped Avould 
outAveigh and outdo mine. 

He grasped the rod Avith both hands, thumb firmly in 
place against the reel, all ready to snag Mr. Fish. 

WhoAv-Avhizz ! AAdi-r-rrr! sang the reel, as the big fish 
Avent on his Avay liberty-bound. Finally, after successiA^e 
efforts, Doc turned him and then began the reeling in pro- 
cess, CA^er Avatchful lest the fish should suddenly buck- 
jiunp, or create slack line by running toward the boat. 

When the specimen Avas finally got on board ship, after 
much effort and time, Avhat do you reckon it proved to be? 

I looked at Doc and Doc looked at me. I Avas giggling, 
he was froAvning. Boys, he had caught a bloomin' Avater- 
dog! J shall never forget the look of gloom and utter dis- 



74 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

j.;iist on his face. Of course, this was my queue to accord 
him the "horse-laugh," which I forthwith did. 

But I had yet to learn the truth of that time-worn adage 
tl?,at, "he who lauojhs last laughs best." It w^as my turn 
next to land something, which I was most certain was a 
member of the finny tribe of the black bass species. But 
it was not. What I landed was a dum-goozled old hard- 
shell turtle. 

This was Doc's time to laugh, and he laughed so hard 
tears stood out on his cheeks. It was me that was the 
"goat," after all. 

Memories of outings on the rivers and lakes come back 
to each of us, as does this memory of that fishing trip up 
the Licking River with my friend Doc. Nothing can 
erase such pleasures from the human memory. They will 
be recalled, perhaps, in days of stress and worry, and serve 
as a tonic, mayhap, to many an old man that has commenced 
the journey down the western slope of life. He will find 
new strength to buoy him up in his declining years as he 
remembers the glowing days of his youth and manhood, 
when with rod and reel and tackle-box he wended his way 
joyfully down by the old mill-stream, or to the meadow- 
brook, or beside the lake, there to while away pleasant 
hours, enticing choice specimens of the cool depths there- 
from by the employment of his angling art. 

Art it is indeed! It takes pure, unadulterated art to 
make a successful fisherman, whether your tackle be sim- 
ple in construction, or magnificently modern. Here is 
another thought: "It is not clothes that make the man," 
so neither is it tackle that makes the angler. It is his art 
and his ability to apply that art that counts most. Good 
tackle, of course, is indispensable, but of itself it avails 
nothing. Placed in the hands of one not accustomed to 
the ways of the wily trout, the mighty salmon, the battling 
black bass, tackle is nil, but placed in the hands of the nat- 
iiral-born sportsman, educated to the ways of the craft, 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 75 

good tackle avails much — it spells success in the angling 
game. 

The Anti-Back Lash Reel: 

The back-lash, which occurs so persistently when us- 
ing an ordinary reel, has done more to discourage the sport 
of bait casting than even that oft mooted question: "Why 
don't they bite?" After the beginner has wrestled with a 
good old fashioned back-lash for a dozen minutes, more or 
less, right at a time when he knows his bait should be work- 
ing and finally does get it untangled only to have it occur 
again on the next cast, it's not strange that he becomes dis- 
couraged. In fact there is not a bit of doubt but what the 
back-lash has kept many promising candidates from be- 
coming disciples of Isaak Walton. 

Those who have not the time, nor patience, to attain 
the necessary skill required to manage an ordinary reel 
will find an easy solution for the problem in the South Bend 
Anti-Back-Lash Reel. 

This reel obviates entirely the necessity of thumbing 
the spool in casting. The caster has only to learn to 
throw the bait properly; the carrying out of the line and 
the speed of the spool factors are taken care of automati- 
cally by the reel itself. In other words, the reel thimibs it- 
self with a greater precision and accuracy than can be done 
by the most expert seasoned angler. 

Tliink what an invention of this kind means! It 
means that the city man, who longs for the joys and thrills 
of casting for big fish, does not have to cast for years and 
years to learn to do it successfully. It means that any 
man, woman or child who can hold a fishing rod may enjoy 
all the pleasures experienced by the seasoned angler, the 
very moment this reel is made part of the equipment. 

Aside from furnishing a solution for the beginner's 
greatest problem, this reel has advantages which appeal 



16 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

to the skillful angler — advantages that the best caster that 
ever "thninl)ed" a spool cannot well afford to overlook. 

The nse of the reel for night fishing work is an im- 
portant feature for the angler who, though he may be ever 
so expert, is handicapped by his inabilit}^ to see the bait 
for the South Bend Keel thumbs itself and makes night 
fishing a continuous enjoyment. 

The Anti-Back-Lash feature of this reel, however, is 
not its only advantageous factor, nor is its use a necessity. 
The reel is made so that the Anti-Back-Lash device may, 
or may not be utilized. Simply turn the adjusting screw 
a half-turn and you have a reel of the ordinary type, an 
exceptionally high grade one; a masterpiece for free-run* 
ning and wearing qualities and ease of operation; equal in 
every way to any high grade reel on the market. 

Many skillful anglers, owners of various makes of high 
grade reels, prefer to use their South Bend Anti-Back-Lash 
reels for all around work in preference to others. — Fron) 
"Days of Real Sport.'' 

THE CASTING ROD: 

Tn successful casting the rod plays a very important 
part, as is learned very quickly b,v the arigler who takes up 
the sport with the intention of getting all there is to be had 
in the way of i3leasure, genuine thrills, invigorating excite- 
ment, and true health-giving recreation. 

Therefore, extreme care shovdd be exercised in select- 
ing the type of rod which embodies those factors which will 
serve one best in his pursuit of angling pleasures. 

You will find rods constructed of various materials, in 
many different lengths, weights and degrees of resiliency. 

As mentioned under "The Art of Casting," the type 
of rod, its Aveight, whippiness and material from whicli it 
is constructed, will vary with the class of work that the 
caster wishes to do. For general work, hoAvever, the split 



THE ANGLEE AND HUXTSMAN 77 

bamboo rod of a length about the same as the caster's 
height, will prove to be most satisfactory from the view 
points of action, ease of casting, accuracy and general 
adaptability to all around work, and in the long run prove 
to be the most serviceable rod. 

A proj)erly balanced bamboo rod supplies the correct 
resiliency or whip, which is so necessary to the easy, skill- 
ful, graceful cast, better than any other material yet used 
for making rods suitable for general work. 

There are other advantages embodied in the Heddon 
type of rod which makes these rods most desirable, namely : 
tile patented Locking Reel Band, the large diameter cork 
grip in the peculiar shape that permits the angler to grasp 
it more firmly, the short butt and long tip features, which 
insures greater resilient action so necessary to good cast- 
ing, and the modified size of the guides — these are all 
characteristic features which make these rods, grade for 
grade, superior to ordinary bamboo rods. 

If you want a rod that is easy to work; a rod that is 
rigid, responsive, alive; a rod that will supply you with 
power, j)oise and delicacy, with an action that is graceful 
and almost effortless in its work, then you want the Hed- 
don type because it will fill the bill. 

The South Bend Special Rod is manufactured by 
James Heddon 's Sons and we are glad to recommend it as 
a rod built for service, long and dependable, without any 
frills or fancy trappings of any nature ; a rod that will give 
you everything that can be had as far as good work is con- 
cerned, without the style and pretty decorations that us- 
ually go with more expensive creations. 

These people feature this rod in three different lengths 
and in two different weights in each length. The one is 
designed for casting heavier lures such as minnows, frogs, 
pork rind, etc. This is the Standard type. The other, 
known as the ''Special Light," is of lighter construction 



78 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

and designed especially for use with lighter lures such as 
spinner hooks, Buck-tails, flies and all other light lures. 

The beginner will make no mistake in selecting this 
type of rod because it is a rod that is built to stand the wear 
and tear and give real, genuine service ; a rod that you can 
trust implicitly. — From ' ' Days of Real Sport. ' ' 

Description of the South Bend Anti-Back-Lash Reel: 

The reel is of beautiful yet plain design, and possesses 
a simple elegance all its own. The working parts of the 
Anti-Back-Lash device are few and very simple. It is strong, 
well made and designed to withstand successfully the wear 
and tear of long and continuous bait casting. The frame 
and all its component parts are made of 8 per cent solid 
German Silver; very light, strong and rigid. Dimensions: 
Capacity, measured by standard 16 or 20 pound test silk 
line is 100 yards; Diameter of end plates 2 inches; length 
of spool 1 7-8 inches; diameter of spool ends 1 1-2 inches. 
Bearings: The spool and gear journals are of high grade 
tool steel, accurately turned, ground, lapped and burnish- 
ed to a mirror-like surface and rim in phosphor bronze. 
The end thrust is supported by adjustable jeweled ''spool 
journal" caps of screw-off pattern with spring tension grip. 
Gearing: The gear consists of a special hunting tooth 
train, the gear of which is made of solid Tobin bronze and 
the pinion from special steel which produces a powerful, 
yet absolutely quiet, smooth, free-rvmnning reel. The gear- 
ing is quadruple multiplying. Crank and Click: The 
crank is of pleasing, artistic design; correct in shape and 
accurately counterbalanced; the grip is white Ivoroid. 
The click consists of a pawl and rachet made of hardened 
tool steel; it is operated by a thumb button on the tail plate 
and actuated by a phosphor bronze spring. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 



79 




Style No. 1131A, South Bend Anti-Back-Lash Reel. 
These reels may be had now at $10.00 each. 

The Famous Bass-Oreno Bait: 

The body of this bait is 3 1-2 inches long, weighs ap- 
proximately 5-8 ounce. It is supplied in six standard high 
g]'ade enamel finishes — guaranteed not to crack. (Style 
No. 973RH.) Bait here shown has a red head and white 
bodv. 




South Bend Midget Surf-Oreno: 

This bait is made of special light wood, the body is 2 
3-4 inches long. It weighs, approximately 1-2 ounce. Sup- 
plied in red head, white bodv, and in several other finishes. 
Stvle No. 962RH. 




South Bend Babe-Oreno: 

The body of this bait is 2 3-4 inches long, weighs ap- 
proximately 1-2 ounce. Equipped with one belly and one 



80 



THi: AXGLKK AND HL'XT«MAX 



tail No. 1 treble hook. Supplied with red liead, wliilc 
body, as well as in other colors. Style No. 972KI1. 




South Bend Standard Surf-Oreno: 

Made of special light wood, body is :> 8-4 inches Ions'. 
Supplied in many standard finishes of enamel. Style here 
shown has red head and w^hite body. Style No. 96oRH. 




The South Bend Weedless S])inner Buck-l\iil, a won- 
derful lure, absolutely weedless, of size and weight easy to 
cast. A remarkable "game-fish getter than can be used in 
the thickest of weeds. Complete with the pork-rind it 
has an irresistible appearance in water. Furnished in red, 
wdiite, natural or yelloAv. Style No. 565W. 

South Bend Weedless Buck-tail Spoon, particularly 
suitable for casting in pursuit of those vicious fighting 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 



81 




small mouth bass in rivers or lakes. Also holds the record 
of landing some big muskies. Hook is 3-0 Sproaf. Used 
with a pork-rind, it makes a very attractive lure. Furnish- 
ed in red, white, natural or vellow. Style No. 1563AL. 




South Bend Weedless Buck-tail Bass Spoon, a clean 
sportsmanlike bait of just the right size and w^eight for 
casting in the lily pads, docks, etc. With pork-rind at- 
tached it makes a very effective combination. Stvle No. 
1545AL. 




Single Hook Minnow. The demand for minnows 
equipped with single hooks, instead of trebles, has been 



^2 THE AXGLEK AND HLNTSMAN 

(.'oustantly; ineroasiiij>-. This is probably due to a desire to 
get away from tlie inultiplicit\^ of hooks and brought about 
also, by the requirements of laws in certain States which 
limit the number of hooks that mav be used bv the angler. 
Cut here shown is Style No. 904W-SD. Several of the 
other baits these people put out are made with the single 
hooks, as here shown, in various finishes. 




South Bend Flies are furnished tied on straight eye 
ringed Spi'oat hooks, not snelled, thus j^ermitting attaching 
a spoon or sj)inner. Supplied in twelve colors, various siz- 
ed hooks. ' 
Casting For Game Fish: 

The step from boyhood fishing days to that perfec- 
tion in angling science knoAvn as casting, is one that can be 
measured only in years. Generally it stretches over 
about a dozen. It may vary more or less but in the main 
the boy must have grown into a full, mature manhood, be- 
fore he takes up casting and attempts to pit his prowess 
against such worthy foes as the Bass, the Muskie, the Trout 
and- others of the gamy tribe. 

With a free-running reel, a light silk line, a Iii;ht. 
flexible rod and suitable lures, the lad who at one time was 
fully satisfied with the small fry finds that hooking a lively 
bass is an entirely different sensati(^»n and that he has 
encountered a foe worthy of all the prowess his advanced 
years have giA^en him. 

Just imagine a mighty l)lack bass striking your lure 
at the end of a well-made line — imagine him going down 
through the cool, weedy depths, making the line fairly sing 



THE ANGLER AND HVNTSMAN 83 

ill tiic way it cuts the water — imagine how this plunging, 
jerking, spirited fighter makes your frail-looking, slim, 
six-ounce rod l)end to the danger point. Ah! no wonder 
you give away to hiin, fearing to attempt to hold by main 
force. 

Splash, and he darts to the surface and in a seeming 
frenzy throws himself into the air a shining silveiy, quiv- 
ering mass, filled with fight and anger. Splash ! again — 
and he dives down to the bottom; you feel the bum of the 
silk line as it slides through your almost trembling fingers. 

B}^ now he has you sweating; you start to get up, you 
sit down, you are on the anxious seat every one of the sec- 
onds which seem minutes. 

Now, what do you think? Is he equal to your skill, 
your presence of mind, your craftiness or are you equal to 
his cunning, his ciuickness, and his strength ? 

Then slowly, oh, so slowly, you lead him to the boat. 
Your hand slips into the water — you disdain to use a net 
or a gaff on a prize like this — and then — 

Swish! and he goes again — not conquered yet, you 
must let him have this final fling. Again you slowly bring 
liim to the boat and then — vour fingers slip down into his 
gills or jaws, you s^^ing him into the boat. He is yours 
tlien. 

That's casting for game fish — that's why men look 
forward to every holida}"; why they steal away from their 
daily work as often as possible and use their Sundays as 
frequently as convenient for fishing trips. 

That's why men leave luxurious homes and rough it 
— at a camp, put up with fares far inferior to what they 
get at home, leave nice soft beds and sleep even in a barn, 
rise at daybreak, when at home to rise at eight would be a 
hardship, row a boat mile after mile without tiring or com- 
plaining — all these and a lot more trials of like nature will 
men stand — 

And for whv? We know of but one answer. It's for 



84 THl-: AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

the pleasure and satisfaction that is secured in fighting the 
gamy, battling king of the waters on his home ground in a 
good square way — that's the compensation. 

There is another angle from which we may view this 
question — it's the health-lniilding factor that goes with 
angling. 

Of all sports, we can't think of a single one that pro- 
vides the latitude for healthful recreation that can be had 
in the practice of angling. A man with a surj^lus of vigor 
and energy can work as hard as he likes and enjoy himself 
accordingly, while his anaemic brother can take the sport in 
lighter degrees, work slower and get suitable recreation — 
both equally benefited l)y the outdoor exercise obtained. 

To be a caster, you must go out-of-doors. You must 
go where the air is pure, where there is plenty of sunlight, 
breezes, scenery, trees, shrubs, etc. You get close to na- 
ture, away from your daily environments; you live a differ- 
ent life, eat different food, breathe different air — every 
thing is different and your well-being is improved in con- 
sequence. 

This probably accounts for the reason that many of us 
make fishing our hobby and, truly, it is a hobby with many 
Individuals. 

Nowadays, a hobby is a necessity with a business man 
— it provides a means which enables him to forget his busi- 
ness, to employ his mind outside of business hours and at 
the same time it is an excellent aA-enue of amusement. 

Every red-blooded man should have a hobby. He 
owes it to himself, to his family and to his country — becaus*.^ 
it makes him a better, broader, wiser and more even-tem- 
pered man. 

Now, what coidd be a more commendable hobby — one 
that is more enjoyable, more entertaining and more worthy 
the effort required to further it than that which brings you 
into the closest possible touch with nature; in t(^ueh with 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 85 

her streams, her rivers, lier lakes, her shrubs, trees, bushes 
and her acquatic peoples? 

Think it over — what single sport offers a greater op- 
poi'tunity for personal action, recreation, pleasure, health 
and excitement; what other s^^ort destroys as little and yet 
provides so much? 

The originator of the buck-tail bait was an ardent fish- 
erman. So ardent in fact, that his business never grew in 
proportion to the genuine merit which the baits possess. 
The inventor of the South Bend Anti-Back-Lash Reel still 
uses the grandmother's funeral excuse very frequently in 
order to go fishing. 

The Origin of Artificial Minnows for Casting: 

The legend has it that many years ago, after a lot of 
hard work with nothing to show for it, a disgusted and very 
much disgruntled fisherman sat in his boat wrestling with 
that old theorem, namel}" : ' ' Why don 't they bite ? ' ' After 
divers remarks about fish, fishing luck and every thing- 
connected with the fishing sport, he punctuated his final 
decision by throwing an empty cigarette box into the water 
with no little show of temper. As the box lit there was a 
slight riffle on the surface, then something happened — 

It looked as if an unseen hand liad reached out of the 
depths and punched the empty box a vigorous jab; it went 
into the air some four feet. The angler was astonished. 
He watched the colored box float away, suddenly something 
rose and lunged at it again. This time he saw it all. It 
was a big, black bass that had smashed up through the sur- 
face and hit the vari-colored box with such vigor. This 
gave him an idea, from which originated the use of artifi- 
cial minnows as a bait for game fish. 

This incident shoAved that a Cjuest for food was not the 
only incentive that impelled game fish to bite; but the lust 
for play or fight was an inlierent instinct in the fish, the 



86 THK AX(}LKH AND HTNTSINIAX 

same as is known to he the ease with other creatures in the 
animal king(h)m. 

From this simple beginning the cigarette box soon as- 
sumed a beautiful, graceful, minnow-like form in divers 
sizes, colors, shapes — all designed to more quickly excite 
this propensity on the part of game fish. The develop- 
ment, of coui-se, was gradual and many years passed from 
the time the first crude ])lock of wmxxI covered with its 
coat of house jjaint with the hooks suspended in any way, 
to the real wM)rk of art evidenced in the minno\ts now^ be- 
ing mamifactured. 

The Art of Casting: 

And, when we say art, w^e say it with a full apprecia- 
tion of what the term implies. Being able to cast a lure, 
light and fluffy as the Buck-Tail Fly, a bait heavy and un- 
wieldy as is the case with most forms of live bait, or to cast 
a compact, non-resisting bait such as an artificial minnow; 
to cast any of these lures against the Avind, with the wind, or 
diagonally into the wind and to cast 30, 40, 80, or 100 feet, 
and to do all this with a precision that verges nigh on to 
bulls-eye accuracy, is, in a word, art. It should be under- 
stood, however, that the skill of the expert is not necessary 
for ordinary practical fishing. We have seen beginners 
catch nice strings of fish under favorable conditions, but 
naturally everycme w^ants to get ont of the "beginners'' 
class as soon as possible. 

Therefore, if perchance, one may have had trouble at- 
taining the proficiency in casting that he thought would be 
his after a few trials, the caster can well console himself 
wdth the fact that casting is, in truth, an art and the at- 
taimnent of perfection no trifle. We believe that perfec- 
tion in casting can be summed up and stated in the use of 
four P's — 

Patience, Practice, Precision and Perseverance. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 87 

Endless pages have been written on what to do and not 
to do in bait casting, ])nt here we will try to boil it down to 
a few practical hints and in reading these remember that 
perfection in casting is simply a matter of how well you re- 
member and how intensely you apply the four P's — Pa- 
tience, Practice, Precision, and Perseverance. 

The Creator gave you a wrist, supple, quick and active; 
a forearm, with 'its power to grip and an u]3per-arm, with 
its muscles for pushing and pulling. The Avrist and fore- 
arm were given you for casting; the upper arm for holding 
the fish — remember that, always. 

Casting, practically speaking, should be accomplished 
from the elbow down ; this is really the only part of the arm 
tliat should l)e brought into ])lay. Many authorities even 
go so far as to advocate strapping the beginner's upper-arm 
to the body in order to confine all the action to the fore-arm 
and wrist. 

Casting consists of five distinct operations — the back- 
ward stroke, the forward stroke, a short period of waiting 
for the bait to carry out, shifting the rod to the other hand 
and, finally, retrieving. 

One's success, of course, depends a great deal on the 
tackle — the reel, the rod, the line and the lure. To a large 
extent the t^^^es in these five factors vary according to the 
style of work the caster is attempting to do. 

A heavy lure can be worked successfully with a slow- 
acting, heavy rod and a stiff -running reel with heavy line. 
On the other hand a light lure necessitates a free-running 
reel, a light line and a quick-acting rod — by quick acting we 
mean what anglers usually term "whip" or resiliency. All 
factors dove-tail in, one with another, so that the caster 
must adapt his tackle to fit the class of work he wants 

This is why so many seasoned anglers always carry 
two complete outfits with them in the boat. One consists 
usually of a rather long, light rod and a soft braid line for 
casting light lures, such as Buck-tails, spinner hooks, flies 



88 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

aiul pork strips; the other a shorter, heavier rod and strong- 
er liue for heavier baits such as wooden minnows, frogs, and 
snrfaee plugs. 

With your outfit all rigged up you get into your boat, 
then seat yourself Avith an idea of being just as comfortable 
as you can. You must not think casting is hard work, so 
settle yourself as if you intended to take it eas}' and fully 
enjov a most pleasant recreation. 

Xote that we lay stress on SITTING DOWN; in cast- 
ing from a boat a caster should never attempt to stand — it 
is, above all, bad form; it is awkward; it' is tiring and it is 
dangerous because the general run of fishing boats were 
not built for promenading. Anyway, there is no excuse for 
one's standing up; so sit down and enjov vourself more for 
it. 

Now you are ready to cast. Wind your bait up to 
within three or four inches from the tip of 3'Our rod. Be- 
ware of winding it up so closely that the metal part of the 
bait strikes the agate tip — it may mean a broken agate, a 
cut line and a lost fish. 

Aside from this a fcAV inches of line between the tip 
and the lure is necessary to get sufficient whip action in 
the end of the rod when making a back stroke. 

Here now you should exercise caution in the other di- 
rection — do not leave too much line between the tip and 
the lure, as too much may permit of your bait looping the 
end of the rod. AVatch this and it may save you the em- 
barrassment of throwing your rod in the lake. 

Therefore, reemmber this — watch it always; let the 
question of winding your bait with caution become a mat- 
ter of "second nature" with you. 

Now, ready for the back stroke, let us say that the only 
reason nature provided you with a shoulder for casting 
w^ork was that you could use it as a guide for the path 
through which your rod must travel in making the back 
stroke correctly. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 89 

Go straight back with the rod over the shoulder, the 
haud at the shoulder, elbow down close to the body. lier 
this be your "form" at all times, to be changed only when 
conditions such as casting under over-hanging limbs and the 
like necessitates variation. 

By bringing the rod back over the shoulder and again 
forward in the same path" you at once eliminate all uncer- 
tainty ais to accuracy, side-wise or laterally, forgetting of 
course, for the time being, the calculations that must be 
made for wind, etc. Let the rod go straight back over 
your shoulder and then bring it forward with both Avrist 
and forearm movement, pointing straight toward, but a 
little above, the spot you wish to hit ; your bait will fly just 
as true as it is natural for you to point straight. 

Now analyze this action— you will see that during both 
forward and backward strokes it keeps your bait in a per- 
pendicular plane with your arms and rod acting as a sweep- 
ing radius. This is your casting territory and by staying 
in it, in this manner, you will not imperil the eyes, ears, 
and other parts of your companion's anatomy. You can 
cast to either side of the boat from your original position; 
your territorial efficiency is nearly double that which it 
would be should you cast in any manner, other than over the 
shoulder. Therefore, does it not seem best to learn the over- 
the-shoulder swing? We are of the opinion that this 
oA^erhead cast is easier to learn first than the side cast any- 
wa}^ 

Try to make your movements smooth and easy, avoid 
jerkiness and straining. Make your rod do the throwing 
rather than your arm, and, lastly, don't try so much for dis- 
tance, but to get accuracy. Distance will come gradually 
without any effort and when you find a need to cast far you 
will do it without actually giving the distance a thought. 

In starting the back stroke, one's thumb should be 
placed firmly on the spool of the reel — you must hold it so 
that vour bait will not start until vou are readv it should. 



90 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

[)'-iiii>- tlie rod back as describod al)()V(' with a (iuick motion, 
hinging- at the elbow and bending the wrist freely. This 
back stroke shonld be made with just enough snap to cre- 
ate a bend or "whip" in the rod and remember the greater 
part of the mention of the rod is secured by the action of the 
wrist. 

Tile forward stroke is accomplished by l)ringing the 
hand forward through the same arc you make on the back 
stroke. Most of the action should be accomplished in the 
wrist, "flip-like" seems to describe it best. The thumb is 
then released from the spool and the bait is started out to- 
ward the spot at which you are aiming. The fore-arm is 
then brought forward and the top of the rod held, point 
fairly well up, while the line is allowed to run out until the 
bait strikes the water or until the caster stops it by 
thumbing the reel. As the line travels out and "settles'-' 
toward the surface the rod tip should be lowered and allow- 
ed to follow the line. It is well to turn the palm of the hand 
down a little at the finish of the stroke so that the reel 
handle grip is pointed almost, but not quite, straight up in 
the air. This permits a freer action of the wrist and also 
tends to make the line run more freely through the guides. 

From the instant the caster releases his thumb from 
The reel spool at the beginning of the forward stroke, he 
must carefully "thumb" his line, with a constantly 
changing pressure. This is done so as to regulate the speed 
at which the bait is traveling. If this is not done properly 
the reel, due to the excessive impetus caused by starting the 
bait, will travel faster than the line is being carried out and 
result in the angler's abomination, the back-lash. This in- 
struction applies to ordinary reels. With the South Bend 
Aiiti-Back-Lash Reel the "thumbing" care is unnecessary 
as the reel is constructed so as to save the caster this atten- 
tion, and for this reason it is used even by experts for night 
casting when the largest fish are often caught. 

Some time between the starting of the bait, at the be- 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 91 

giiming of the forward stroke, and the time when the bait 
strikes the water, the caster must shift the rod from his 
easting- hand to the other hand, ready for retrieving. Now 
let this sink in deeply: The caster should have made this 
shift and be ready to have the bait moving back toward him 
the very instant it touches the water — here lies much of the 
secret of success, the secret of making them strike. It all 
lunges on one's ability to make the bait look "live" and 
full of action the very instant it touches the water. More 
strikes are "coaxed" in this little instant of correct bait 
action than are ever created by yards and yards of the most 
careful reeling. 

In retrieving, hold the rod in the hand which has been 
idle up to this point — gripping it a little above the reel with 
the thumb and index finger on the line so it can be "spool- 
ed" evenly. 

As the barefoot boy was inclined to jerk vigorously at 
the slightest indication of a nibble, so the caster by in- 
stinct, probably, will be prompted to jerk immediately he 
feels a fish strike. However, it must be remembered that 
striking a fish is not so much a matter of force and strength 
as it is of dexterity and quickness. So the angler must 
learn to res^^ond quickly and snappily in answer to the 
slightest signal that his quarry is ready to fight. Care 
should be taken in this respect if you wish to "kill" a max- 
imum number of hits and still keep your outfit intact. 

All these factors mentioned may seem small each in 
itself, but remember it is trifles that make perfection and 
perfection is no trifle. So, be patient, practice; be precise 
and persevere, and in a surprisingly short time you will 
be known as belonging in the expert class in the art of Bait 
Casting. 

Special Baits for Muskellunge : 

"King of the waters," this game fish is called, and 
rightly does he deserve this honorary nickname. No bet- 
ter fighter ever rose to the angler's lure. He rushes 



J)2 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

through the water like a shadowy streak and when lie 
strikes! — Oh boy! Mr. Muskie goes right after your l)ait 
just like he was bent upon swallowing not only the lure, 
but the rod and reel as well and you too if he should be able 
to drag you in. And he eertainly tries to drag one in. He 
fights with a vengeance every inch of the way and is not 
your fish until absolutely in the boat, and even then he may 
spring a surprise on you and get away. 

The writer knows of no better Muskie Trolling ^lin- 
now than those put out by the 8outh Bend people, which 
have given general satisfaction so far as we can learn. 

Their Muskie Trolling Min-Buck is also a well made 
and reliable bait for trolling, and the Buck-tail spoons are 
especially adapted for trolling purposes in the larger sizes, 
while the smaller ones may be used for casting. They are 
well-proportioned and designed so that 3^ou need have no 
fear of any part breaking at the critical moment. This re- 
assurance is worth a good deal to the angler. 

There are other more or less dependable lures on the 
market for Muskie fishing and some of them are very 
good, but the above are given prominence because of their 
known reliability. Lack of space forbids us describing all 
the many lures on the market, hence we have endeavored 
to describe only representative baits in each class of fish- 
ing. This is not intended to detract in any way from the 
merits the other baits possess. 

Dependable Lures: 

A dandy surface bait, the proportions of the body, 
weight, trimmings, etc., of which are exactly right, is the 
South Bend Surf-Oreno, and is a lure that has met with 
great success wdierever used. It floats at all times, rides 
high in the w^ater and the commotion and churning of the 
water, caused by the revolving spinners, is a great game- 
fish attraction. 



I 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 93 

Another South Bend product is their splendid Surface 
Minnows, designed especially for surface work. It has 
proven to be a very good bait. The tail treble and under- 
hung gang meet the strike in a very effective manner. This 
feature, and the attractive colors combine to make a very 
efficient fish-getter. 

The South Bend Weedless Surface Minnows are de- 
pendable to bring results, as well as are their other designs 
of Aveedless baits. 

Probably the best bait, at least the most popular bait, 
they produce is the famous South Bend Bass-Oreno, many 
anglers claiming it is the greatest fish-getter ever made. 
It is a wobbler tyi^e of bait that dives, dashes, darts and 
wiggles, in the same manner an injured fish would act. It 
has an erratic motion, which is probably the reason it is so 
successful. It is unexcelled for Pike, Muskie, Bass and 
Pickerel. 

Their under-water baits are equally as effective. The 
Under-AYater Minnows Three Treble being a perfect min- 
now for casting or trolling. They are equipped with a 
spinner in both front and rear. Treble hooks are attached 
with coimtersunk screw-eye. The trebles are removable 
by simply unscrewing them. Then they make a bait call- 
ed Weedless Under-Water Minnows, and one called Under- 
Water Minnows — Five Treble, which also deliver the 
goods. Their combination Minnow with buck tail, having 
one treble hook, is good for use in comparatively weedy 
water. It is an excellent river bait. The buck-tail masks 
the hook. 

Then in the matter of Buck-tail and Trout Flies these 
people put out as good stuff as can be obtained anywhere. 
Their spinners, Buck-tail single hooks, etc, etc., are all of 
the very best workmanship and best of all they produce 
the desired results. . That is the best we could say for any- 
body's tackle. — From Days of Real Sport. 



94 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

CULTURE OF RAINBOW TROUT AND BROOK 
TROUT IN PONDS: 

Tho U. S. Dcpai-tniciit of ('oiniiicrcc. Bureau of Fisli- 
eries, lias furuisiied us tlic foUowiuj>- data in regard to the 
culture of Rainbow and Brook trout in ponds. This data 
was prepared l)y Glen 0. Leach, Assistant in charge of Di- 
vision of Fish Culture, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries: 

"The information herein given has been prepared for 
the use of persons wlio may be in a position to propagate 
trout under the more or less natural conditions existing in 
farm ponds or other waters of a somewhat similar charac- 
ter. To this has. been added a chapter on intensive pond 
culture for the benefit of those whose operations must nec- 
essarily be confined to a limited area. 

"The fact is recognized that individuals engaged in the 
business of farming or stock raising have not the necessary 
time to devote to intensive fisli culture. At the same time 
there are, doubtless, many who would find it possible, at 
trifling expense, to convert into trout ponds land areas 
Avhich are at present unproductive, either by the damming 
of a ravine or the diversion of water from some neighbor- 
ing stream into a suitable inclosure. 

Water Supply — Volume, Quality and Temperature: 

"Tile first and most important requisite in such an un- 
dertaking is the water supph^ It should be derived from 
springs or a spring-fed brook; it must be of suitable vol- 
ume and temperatui'e, and its source must be so located 
that a constant gravity flow into the proposed i^ond is as- 
sured. Ponds used for the watering of farm animals should 
not be stocked with trout, unless the stock can be confined 
to a certain portion of the pond by a fence, preferably near 
the outlet, as successful results can not be expected where 
the water is liable to become roiled or contaminated. How- 
ever, trout ponds can safely be used as a source of supply 
for ice. The best results may be expected if the source of 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 95 

water is a spring or lake, and if from the latter the water 
should be taken from below the surface in order to afford 
a more even temperature Alkali water and water from 
forests showing discoloration and traces of tannin are not 
suitable. 

"The flow of water requisite in a fishpond Avill vary 
with the nature of the soil, the species propagated, and the 
water temj^erature. Soils containing a good deal of sand 
will lose water through seepage, making it essential to pro- 
vide for a larger inflow in order to maintain the pond level. 

"Under ordinary conditions the rainbow trout, because 
of its ability to withstand a higher temperature and a more 
sluggish water circulation, will yield better results in ponds 
than the brook trout. The brook trout thrives best in a 
swift current fed by cold springs, and attains its maximum 
excellence in streams. Plowever, an exception is found in 
certain lakes in Colorado, where the introduced brook 
trout attains its hn'gest size. Assuming that it is desired 
to carry 1,000 yearling trout in a 1-acre pond fed from a 
spring or brook, a flow of from 150 to 200 gallons per min- 
ute will be sufficient, provided the temperature of the wa- 
ter at the point where it enters the pond does not exceed 
60 degrees F. during the summer months. Trout confin- 
ed in small streams with a strong flow will withstand a 
temperature of 70 degrees without harm. 

"If the water supply to the proposed pond is from a 
spring, it should first flow into a reservoir and thence 
through an open raceway into the pond. This will permit 
it to throw off injurious gases and acquire the normal 
amount of oxygen. Logs placed across this open conduit 
at frequent intervals will provide the riffles necessary for 
A^arying the flow, thus approaching natural conditions. The 
water is allowed to pass over them, although no harm will 
result if it occasionally flows imderneath. Eocks also may 
be used to accomplish the desired end. 

If a stream is to be the source of supply, a screen, so 



9() THK AXCiLKR Axu Hrx'rs:srAX 

constructed that it can not bo washed out during freshets, 
should l)e inserted in the intake to keei:^ undesirable fishes 
out of the pond. For the diversion of the water from the 
stream to the pond it Avill be found necessary in many cases 
to construct a small dam which should l)e located from 10 to 
20 feet downstream from the point of intake. It should 
be the exact height required to accomplish the desired ob- 
ject and strong enough to withstand flood waters. Make the 
intake sufficiently wide and deep to accommodate the flow 
to the pond, and for its protection install below its mouth 
a slat rack placed at an angle of approximately 60 de- 
grees and facing downstream. In this position the water 
will flow past the outside edge and return to the rack, caus- 
ing most of the floating debris and ice to pass instead of 
lodging against it. 

- "For the interception of floating particles a galvaniz- 
ed iron screen with 3 to 4 meshes to tlie inch, is installed on 
a frame set from 18 to 21 inches back of the rack. The gate 
is i3laced 12 to 18 inches below the screen and is used to 
regulate the flow of water. 

Selection of The Pond Site: 

"Care should ])e taken to choose a location that Avill be 
free from inundation and surface drainage. If possible, 
sandy, or porous soil should l)e avoided; but, if there is no 
alternativ(% the l)ott()m of the pond may be covered to a 
depth of from 4 to 5 inches with clay, which should be 
spread evenly over the bottom with a garden rake. Water 
is then turned on and the clay is tamped and puddled until 
it is impervious to water. If the trout are to be held under 
natural conditions, gravel and sand should be placed on top 
of the clay near the intake and around the shores of the 
pond to a depth of 18 to 36 inches below the water surface. 

"If the ])ond can be located a few hundred feet below 
the intake, making practicable a supply ditch several 
feet wide and 6 to 18 inches deep, a most excellent spawning 



THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 97 

place for the fisli may be provided by varying the depth 
of the conduit at frequent int-ervals, so that the current will 
form eddies and ripples, and by covering the l)ottom to a 
depth of several inches with sand and gravel. At the ap- 
proach of the spawning season the fish will ascend this 
passage and lay their eggs among the hollows formed, and, 
as tliey prefer swift water for spawning, no harm will I'c- 
sult if there is a current of 3 to 4 miles an hour. A race- 
way so constructed will afford a better control of the fish 
and prove very convenient as a storage place when it is 
necessary to handle them or to clean the pond. 

•'Ponds are usually drawn for the purpose of assorting 
or reducing the stock, cleaning, removing objectionable 
fishes, and for the elimination of surplus vegetation. They 
sliould never be completely drained unless the fish can first 
be transferred to some suitable reservoir where they will 
jiave an abundant supply of good water. 

Construction of Pond: 

"The mode of procedure in l)uilding a trout pond will 
vary with the physical characteristics of the site,. and the 
amount of money to l)e expended in the project,, A trout 
pond should be rather broad and deep at one .end, tapering 
toward a long narrow neck at the supply, with the view 
of providing for a decided current throughout a portion of 
its extent. This form of construction will apply to the av- 
erage pond made by placing a dam across a small ravine 
or gully. Its size will of course, be governed in the major- 
ity of instances by the contour of the site, its location with 
reference to the source of water supply, and the amount oi 
water available. It should be no larger than will ndmit of 
its complete control in drawing off the water and handling 
the fish. The size under most conditions will probahly be 
l^etween 1 and 2 acres. On the other hand, it should- not 
be too small. A pond of less than an acre in area is apt to 
l:)ecome overstocked in a few years, especially where the 



98 THK AXGLEK AND HrXTS:\rAX 

larger fish arc not removed, and tlie resnlting shortage of 
natnral food will necessitate artificial feeding, an impor- 
tant factor for consideration. 

''A pond may be located in a ravine, necessitating only 
the erection of a dam. If the I'avine is s\d)ject to heavy 
freshets, it will l)e best to constrnct the dam of masonry or 
heavy tinil)ers, at least at its crest, and a spillway nmst be 
l)r(>vided and screened to prevent the escape of the fish, 
in this latter })articular great pi'ecaution imist be exercis- 
ed, because if the screening is improperly done there will 
be great danger of its clogging with ice and debris during 
flood periods, resulting in damage to the pond. 

"Ponds that are wholly or partly surrounded ])y trees 
are desirable in many respects. If possible, the ponds 
should be shaded during the summer months; but this does 
not mean that they must be entirely void of sunlight, as 
that is an important factor in the production of small aqua- 
tic animal life. If surface water is strongly discolored by 
decayed vegetation or contains other deleterious matter, it 
should not be permitted to enter the pond. Small trenches 
cut around the sides of the pond will usually be found val- 
uable in carrying surface water to a Avaste ditch. In the 
fall of the year care should be taken to keep the pond free 
of leaves as far as possible, as they will cause considerable' 
trouble on the inlet and outlet screens. 

"Ponds should be so constructed that the overflow may 
be conducted to a similar pond at a lower level. The water 
may T)e used over a numl:>er of times by giving it a fall of 
at least 12 inches, so that it will Ix'come aerated before 
entering another pond. 

"If the pond is slightly lower than the source of the 
water, the natural surface of the ground may form the bot- 
tom of the pond. In that case the embankment may be of 
earth, but in order to provide for a firm foundation an exca- 
vation of at least one foot lower than the pond bottom 
sihould be made Avhere the embankment is to extend. In a 



THE ANGLER AND HrNTSMAN 99 

region where muskrats occur it is advisable to place wire 
screening in the embankment, extending it about 1 foot 
above and 2 feet below the water level, and burying it in a 
bank to a depth of 6 inches. For this purpose extra-heavy 
poultry wire or close mesh stock-fence wire will answer. Ex- 
cavating is not to be reconnnended if the earth required for 
the embankment can be otherwise obtained. 

"The inside slope of an earth embankment shoidd be 
approximately 18 inches horizontal to 1 foot vertical, the 
exact proportion varying somewhat with the nature of the 
soil. The outside slopes may be 1 to 1, and after settling, 
they should be sodded. The thickness of an eml)ankment 
at the water level should never be less than the depth of 
the water. For small ponds the top should be at least 8 
feet across, and not less than 6 feet where the pond is large 
enough to admit of considerable wave action. No under- 
brush, logs, or other materials subject to decay should en-, 
ter into an embankment, but imperishable substances, such 
as rocks, may ]:>e used. The filling should not l)e undertak- 
en in sections, but should progress by layers over the full 
width of the embankment. If acquatic vegetation cannot 
be obtained for planting, near the water edge, that portion 
may be rip-rapped with rocks to prevent washing by waves. 

"The depth of the pond must depend on the climate. 
In regions Avhere little or no frost is encountered, a water 
depth of 5 feet is sufficient, but in northern latitudes it 
should be from 10 to 12 feet. The outlet may be of lumber 
or of cement. 

"If spring water is the main source of supply, it may 
freeze sufficiently to harm the fish. Under this condition 
ithe deepest 23art of the pond need not be more than 5 feet. 
If the pond has a good su^iply of water, no harm will re- 
sult from surface freezing so long as the outlet is kept 
open. The extreme depths given are for such ponds as 
have a very limited supply and are apt to freeze to a con- 
siderable depth. 



100 THE AXGLER AXD HUXTHMAX 

"The outlet is a three-sided box extending- into the 
l)nnk. In this position it can he reached easil_y from the 
shore by means of a lK)ard walk laid fi'oin the top of the 
bank to the top of the overflow box. The size of the box 
will 1)e determined by the fh)w of water. For a pond dis- 
charging from 200 to 500 gaUons per minute it should be 
24 inches square, its depth being, of course, conditional on 
the water level and the height of the embankment. Thc^ 
bottom of the l)<)x should extend to the. deepest part of the 
Ijond, and its top should be flush with th(^ top of the em- 
baidvment. At the bottom a terra-cotta pipe is laid with 
cement joints extending through the eartli embankment, 
and a slotted groove or frame of 2-inch material is fastened 
12 inches frrmi the rear of the box to hold the dam boards, 
the latter to be 1 1-2 or 2 inch lumber from 6 to 8 inches 
Avide, each provided with two holes from three-fourths to 
one inch in diameter and three-fourths of an inch deep on 
one side to facilitate removal by inserting therein a hook or 
the teeth of a garden rake. 

"Inserted in front of the dam boards on the outer edge 
of the box is a screen in either one or tw^o sections. It is 
made to work u]) and down in a groove, and, in order that its 
lower edge may closely fit the bottom of the box, the latter 
is provided with a floor, and sheet piling is driven down in 
front of it to prevent undermining. In front of the drain 
box, and with its bottom sloping toward it, is the "kettle" 
or ])asin, made by excavating in front of the drain box, so 
that in drawing down the pond all the water will flow to 
this low point. The upper end of the "kettle" should be 
a foot lower than the bottom of the pond ])roper. A kettle 
for a 1-acre ])oud should be about 75 feet long and 15 or 20 
feet wide. It is preferable to have its bottom and sides of 
cement or Inmber, but if one does not care to go to that ex- 
])euse the uulined pond l)ottom will suffice. 

"If natural conditions will permit, the water supply 
should enter the pond through an open ditch or raceway, 



THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 101 

the length and breadth of which will depend npou the size 
of the pond, the amount of water passing through, and the 
lay of the land. For a pond of 1 acre it may be from 75 to 
100 feet long, but if twice as long no harm will result, as 
more spawning room will be afforded. Generally speak- 
ing, the raceway for such a pond should average from 4 to 
5 feet wide, but the width must necessarily be governed by 
the flow of water which should not be more than a foot deep 
throughout its length. It is immaterial whether the race- 
way is straight or crooked, but it should have a gravel bot- 
tom over its entire length. The water level of the raceway 
and that of the pond may be the same c)r different. If the 
pond level happens to be somewhat lower, a small dam 
should be inserted in the raceway at the point where it dis- 
charges into the jDond. The dam may be a plank 6 inches 
high, which will insure a sufficient water depth in the race- 
way so that fish jumping the dam will not be frightened. 
The point where the water falls into the pond should be 
protected by stone, to prevent washing, and there should 
be an approach from the pond to the raceway entrance, so 
that the fish may ascend and jump the falls, which they 
will readily do during the spawning season. The height of 
the dam should be so regulated that the fish will not be re- 
quired to jump more than 7 inches in passing from the pond 
to the raceway. 

"Commencing at the intake, the floor of the pond 
should start from a featheredge and incline gently toward 
the kettle in such a way that one-fourth of the bottom area 
will range in depth from almost nothing, to 2 feet. From 
here the slope downward to the outlet nmst be gradual and 
even, abrupt pockets or holes being avoided. In order to 
facilitate drainage and to assist in collecting the fish in the 
kettle, there should radiate from it to all parts of the pond 
three or four shallow channels, Avhich, for a 1-acre pond, 
should l)e from 8 to 10 inches deep and from 12 to 16 
inches wide. 



102 THK AXGLKR AND H CXTSMAX 

Aquatic Vegetation: 

"In all pond flKsh-cultural operations aquatic vegeta- 
tion is a prime necessity. Aside from its extremely im- 
l)ortant funetion of purifying the water by taking u^) the 
carbonic gas liberated by decomposition and releasing the 
oxygen so essential to all living organisms, it constitutes a 
nursery for the develoijmeut of a most accepta])le and nec- 
essary fish food in the form of minute organisms, both ani- 
mals and ])lauts. It furnishes the young fish a means of 
escape from their enemies, shades them from the sun's rays 
in warm weather, and the binding of the bottom soil by its 
roots tends to 'keep the water clear. Its one objec- 
tionable feature is that if allowed to grow too luxuriantly it 
impedes the movements of the fish and is lial^le to smoth- 
er the younger and weaker individuals. 

"As soon as the pond is completed and before the fish 
are introduced therein, it will be advisable to start in it a 
growth of some of the finer-leaved aquatic plants native 
to the neighboring streams and lakes. Plants having 
small foliage are preferable to those with large, regular 
leaves, because they offer a greater surface expanse for 
the exchange of gases. On account of their tendency to 
drive out other forms of plant life, pond lilies are not rec- 
onnuended for fishponds. Cat-tails, grasses, and weeds 
generally are to some extent beneficial, but it is very es- 
sential that they he prevented from spreading over the en- 
tire pond. 

Desirable Species of Aquatic Plants for Fishponds: 

"Such of the plants herein figured or mentioned as are 
indigenous to local waters may advantageously be utilized 
by the trout culturist, but, if none of these can be secured, 
such other native forms as are available may be substituted. 
Most forms of acquatic vegetation will readily grow from 
cuttings. Hence the plants may be raked or pulled from 



THE AXGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 



their native waters and niereh' pressed into the soft 
soil in the shallow sections of the new j)ond. Dnring 
the planting process the bottom of the pond should be cov- 
ered with water to a depth of 6 inches. Plants may be 
started in the deep-water sections of a pond by attaching 
them to a weight and sinking them at the desired spot. 

"In many parts of the country the aquatic vegetation 
in a pond forms such a dense growth in the summer months 
that the removal of a portion of it once or twice during the 
season becomes imperative. If the pond is drained for 
this purpose, the water should be drawn down slowly and 
the A'egetation carefully raked into i^iles with a garden rake 
as it appears above the surface, the operator wading out to 
it in rubber boots. In the event that the pond is drawn 
late in the fall for seining, not more of the vegetation should 
be removed than is absolutely necessary to permit the work 
in hand, as the growth serves to protect the fish during the 
winter months. 

Stocking the Pond: 

"AYhen handling fish for stocking a pond, no time is 
to be lost in making the transfer. Immediately on re- 
ceipt of the consignment, compare the water temperature 
in the shipping cans with that of the pond, and if there is 
a difference of as much as five degrees proceed gradually 
to ecpialize the two, by pouring water from the pond into 
the cans, being careful not to subject the fish to a sudden 
change in temperature. 

"Unless the pond is several acres in area it will not be 
necessary to scatter the fish at different points, as they 
will soon scatter throughout its extent. When the intro- 
duced stock consists of, say 10,000 small fish from 2 to 5 
inches in length, they should be able, in a pond an acre in 
area and properly stocked with aquatic A-egetation, to find 
sufficient natural food for their sustenance until they have 
attained the yearling stage, thus obviating artificial feed- 
ing; but the natural food in ponds varies so greatly that 



104 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

nu liard-aiid-fast rule can govern the number of fish it 
should or may contain. 

"After young trout are placed in the pond not nmch 
will be seen of them until the warm days of early spring, 
when they will be observed around the edges and near the 
outlet. 

Feeding The Fish: 

"If the natural food resources of the pond appear to be 
inadequate, the fish may be artificially fed, once a day be- 
in2' sufficient under ordinarv conditions. The food mav 
consist of almost any kind of fresh, wholesome meat, mix- 
ed with shorts or a low grade flour. At the Federal trout 
hatcheries in this country livers of beef, sheep, or hogs, and 
also the lungs of these animals, are used. The meat is run 
through a choppei' and reduced to pieces small enough for 
the size of the trout to be fed, being cut very fine and all 
gristle carefully removed when intended for fish not over 
2 or 3 inches long. As before stated, however, trout held 
in suitable ponds seldom require artificial feeding until 
they have attained the yearling stage. 

"A favorite mush is made by stirring wheat shorts or 
middlings in boiling water until it thickens, adding about 
the same amount of salt as if seasoning for table use. Just 
prior to feeding, chopped meat is stirred into the cold nuish 
in such quantities as may be desired up to four-fifths of the 
whole, the smaller fish requiring a larger proportion of meat 
than the older ones. It is best not to x)rei3are the meat 
more than a day or two in advance, and it should be mixed 
with the mush only as required for inunediate use. The 
mush should always be fed cold, and, as it keeps well even 
in Avarm weather in a cool place, enough of it may be made 
at one time to last for several days. Xo foul or putrid 
meat or moldy mush should ever be used. 

"In feeding, an attendant throws out a small portion 
of the food, preferably near the pond outlet, and as he walks 



THE ANGLER AXD HrNTSMAN 105 

along- the banks toward the other end of the pond he scat- 
ters the food Avith his hand or a large spoon, strewing it ov- 
er as wid-e a water surface as he can. The fish soon learn 
to follow him, and are thus prevented from rushing togeth- 
er in a small space and injuring themselves. 

''The proper amount of food for a daily ration will de- 
pend upon the size of the fish and the prevailing water 
temperature. A lot of 1,000 rainbow trout ranging from 5 
to 6 inches in length, in a water temperature of about 50 to 
60 degrees F., will require approximately 4 pounds a day, 
while an equal number of 8-inch to 12-inch fish, under the 
same temperature conditions, should have about 12 
pounds. As the fish increase in size the food supply must 
be increased accordingly, but in cold weather the amount 
consumed will not be as large as during the summer months. 
The feeding should be done in the late afternoon, so that 
the fish will acquire the habit of searching for natural food 
in the pond in the early part of the day. 

Pond Capacity: 

"On account of the diversity of local conditions, it is 
very difficult to estimate with any certainty how man}^ 
fish a pond will maintain. The general statement may be 
made, however, that a 1-acre pond having a flow of 200 
gallons of water per minute at a temperature ranging from 
50 to 60 degrees F., should carry from 8,000 to 10,000 year- 
ling trout, provided it is well stocked with aquatic vegeta- 
tion and the fish are regularly fed. A pond of this capac- 
ity possessing the requisites stated, and Avith the addition 
of minnows or other small aquatic animal life, should sup- 
port 1,000 yearlings without the aid of any artificial food. 

''Such a pond should support 25,000 fish 3 inches long. 
and would rear them to the yearling age, although 10,000 
3-inch fish w^ould probably produce better results at tlie 
end of a year. Stocking a pond with fish is similar to 
stocking a pasture with stock, and the same care must be 



106 THE AX(iLKI{ AND HUNTSMAN 

fXiTcised tu guard agaiiLst depleting" the natural food. 
Where there is a shortage in the food supply, the larger 
trout will prey upon the smaller ones. Owing to their 
canniljalistic tendency, exceptionally large fish should not 
be allowed to remain in an inclosure with those of the av- 
erage size. 

Natural Enemies: 

''Fish inhabiting a pond, especially the smaller ones, are 
subject to the depredations of numerous enemies. Many 
kinds of aquatic birds prey upon them, and eggs and 
young are consumed by snakes and turtles. Among birds, 
kingfishers, herons, ducks, and fish hawks are the most 
persistent poachers. Muskrats do not destroy fish, but 
make burrows in the pond banks. Galvanized-iron wire 
screens placed in the pond embankments will prevent the 
burrowing of muskrats. They may be caught with ordinary 
steel traps. 

Spawning of Trout: 

"Under ordinary conditions neither the rainbow 
trout nor the brook trout will mature earlier than the 
third year, although where they have the advantage of good 
ponds and an adequate and suitable food supply it is not 
exceptional for them to deposit eggs at the end of their 
second year. Experience at the hatcheries of the Bureau 
of Fisheries has shown that from 15 to 25 per cent of the 
female trout in a i^oncl may be ex^Dected to spawn during 
their second year, 60 per cent in the third year, and from 
85 to 90 per cent, during each year thereafter up to the 
seventh, after which it is inadvisable to rely upon them as 
a source of egg supply. Eggs of the best quality are ob- 
tained from fish that are from 8 to 5 years old. 

"Two-year old rainbow trout yield from 500 to 800 
eggs; at 3 vears old and thereafter the average is from 
1,000 to 1,200 per fish. Brook trout >'ield fronV 150 to 250 
eggs at 1 year old, o50 to 600 at 2 years old, and the older 



THE ANGLER AXD HUXTSMAX 107 

fish produce from 500 to 2,500. At Manchester, Iowa, the 
eggs hatch in from 30 to 35 days in a water temperature of 
50 degrees F., and brook trout in from 35 to 40 da^^s in a 
temperature of 50 degrees F. 

"As a rule, r^iiiTjow-trout eggs measure from 225 to 
250 per fluid oimce, being considerably larger than those 
of the brook trout, which range from 325 to 600 per ounce. 

"Experience has shown that the fish hatched from a 
single lot of eggs frequently show such a wide variation in 
size that at the age of 1 year some individuals will be only 
four inches long while others will run from 6 to 8 inches. 
This seems to be an inherent condition and is not easily 
overcome, but the tendency may be counteracted to a cer- 
tain extent by sorting the fish as to size from time to time 
and giving the smaller ones extra food and attention. 

"The spawning period of the rainbow trout is affected 
by geographical location. In the eastern States this fish 
reproduces between early November and January; in the 
middle western sections of the United States its s^^awning 
season begins late in Deceml)er and lasts for about three 
months; Avhile in the Rocky Mountain region and farther 
west it spawns during a period of about six weeks, com- 
mencing in April. Under natural conditions the fish make 
a kind of nest by throwing up a mound of gravel in the bed 
of the stream when the current is swift. The eggs float 
into the gravel mound and lie in its crevices until hatchec^. 
The fry remain concealed in the gravel about a month, 
until the yoke sac is absorbed; they then l^egin to swim and 
search for food. 

"Bearing these facts in mind, the trout culturist should 
imitate natural conditions in the arrangement of his pond, 
providing a raceway with a swift current of water and a 
gravel bottom and allowing the fish access to it, so that they 
may deposit their eggs at the proper time of the year. The 
inlet to the raceway should be at least 4 feet wide and 
from 75 to 100 feet long, both dimensions to be increas- 



108 THE ANGLEK AND HUNTSMAN 

ed over those specified where it is x^ossible. With the ap- 
liroach ot the spawning season the; removal of a birge por- 
tion of the vegetation in the raceway should be effected. 

"What has been said regarding the requirements and 
care of the rainbow trout v/ill appl}' with equal force to the 
brook trout, except that the latter being native to swift 
mountain streams of the north, Avitli occasional deep pools, 
will require colder water and a more rapid current. This 
species grows more slowly than the rainbow trout and 
does not attain so large a size. It spawns in fall, the sea- 
son usually beginning in September or October and con- 
tinuing to the middle of December. Under ordinary con- 
ditions the rainbow trout will be found to give greater sat- 
isfaction, and the pond culturist who contemplates opera- 
tions on a small scale is advised to select that species.'' 

Assignment of Fish to Applicants: 

The Bureau of Fisheries is prepared to furnish trout 
to parties who may desire to stock public or private wa- 
ters, and blanks upon which to make application therefor 
will be sent to you upon request. Delivery of the trout 
will be made by the government free of charge t(^ your 
nearest station as soon as your order is reached. 

Winter Camping: 

The foremost consideration in planning a winter camp- 
ing trip is the selection of w^earing apparel and camp neces- 
sities. 

In buying clothing it is of prime imp(;>rtance to select 
something not so much for its attractiveness as for its 
warmth-giving qualities. Apparel that will successfully 
kee}^ off the chill rigoi's of winter. 

It is unnecessary to reconunend any particular ])rand 
of clothing. There are many good kinds of winter cloth- 
ing adaptable for camping. The climate in your section, 
of course, will dictate the Aveight of it. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 109 

To be warm, however, clothing does not necessarily 
have to be exceedingly heavy. The lighter (if it is the 
right kind of stuff), the better, for a pound or so off the 
weight of it makes a great deal of difference to you on long 
hikes. You will not be burdened down, which is a vital 
point in a close place. For instance, if you get into a rum- 
pus Avith a wounded bear, or moose, if your clothing does 
not impede your movements you will have a much better 
chance to out-maneuver the animal, and so light clothing 
may mean in such instances a matter of life and death. 

But here is where the best of quality counts. If the 
apparel is light, the quality must offset the Aveight. It 
must be stuff that will Avithstand the elements in every 
sense. To this end, it is aatII to avoid, as far as possible, ail 
cotton clothing. Woolen goods of medium Aveight is de- 
sirable, supplemented by flannel shirts or avooI shirts, AAdth 
turn-doAvn collars. If the climate is especially severe, the 
shirts should be double-breasted, or double all OA^er, but 
for a medium cold climate single thickness is sufficient. 
Flannel underclothing is essential for severe climates. Over 
this, it is AA'ell to wear a medium AA^eight Avoolen SAveater or 
knitted coat. Buckskin leggings, and moosehide mocca- 
sins make good footwear; especially are moccasins desir- 
al)le if y<»u Avish to still-hunt. For the pastime knoAvn as 
still-hunting, you Avant to select clothing that Avill not make 
noises in the Avoods. Duck and corduroy are of a texture 
that make these noises Avhen moAing about, therefore not 
practical)le for this i^urpose. Clothing of soft texture is 
best, then, for limiting in the Avoods, AAdiere the slightest 
sound serves notice on the quarry that an enemy is ap- 
proaching and gives the creature timely Avarning that 
makes escape easy, much to the dismay and chagrin of the 
trophy and meat hunter. • 

Good, AA-arm Avoolen socks, or stockings, are essential 
to keep the feet Avarni. Keeping the extremities AA^arm is a 
most Aital thing. If the moccasins are soft and thin, it is 



110 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

better to have a specialist in this line pnt on a double sole 
for yon. '^Pliis will add to their warmth, durability, and 
water-proofness. 

A soft felt hat, or cap lined inside with fur and having 
earflaps is good. The head must be kept warm at any 
cost. 

If you wear- a felt liat in preference to a cap, don't for- 
get those ears. They are one of your most sensitive or- 
gans and if injured by frost-bite you may have lasting 
cause to regret yoTir carelessness. They niaj^ be protect- 
ed by ear-muffs, which, though a little old-fashioned, are 
extremely comfortable in severe cold Avcather Personal- 
ly, we prefer the hood-cap, which is a cap with attached ear 
and neck-flap, coming well down under the neck and un- 
der the chin. It completely protects the back of the head, 
the spine at the base of the brain, the ears, etc., which is 
absolutely necessar}^ to your comfort and health. 

The more experienced outdoorsmen do not take along 
an overcoat, as it is likely to be more in the way than use- 
ful. Generally, it impedes walking and free, easy move- 
ment, so essential to hunting. The overcoat is quite an un- 
necessary adjiuict, if proper attention has hQen paid to the 
other garments. 

Mittens are not desirable for obvious reasons. A fin- 
gered glove is absolutely necessarj^ A glove is plenty clum- 
sy at its best, and a mitten is an abomination to a hunter. 

Snowshoes come next and are indispensable for camp- 
ing in the northern wilds of Alaska and Canada, where in 
winter snow covers the ground the entire season to a depth 
of many feet. 

A sewing kit, containing needles, thread, etc., is a val- 
uable ally to have along. You never know when you're go- 
ing to rip your trousers, on snag or l)arb, so be prepared. 

If you only contemplate a short trip, say a week, it is 
not necessary to take aUuig a shaving outfit, as a week's 
growth of whiskers will do more good than harm in protect- 



THE AXGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 111 

ing your face from the icy blasts apt to prevail in winter. 
For more open hunting, where you have a great deal 
of walking to do, some prefer a sportsman's boot or shoe 
to the moccasin. This is a matter of taste, and a matter 
local conditions should dictate. 

We come now to the camp outfit proper. First in im- 
portance, of course, comes the bed on which during the 
long winter nights we shall rest our tired and weary 
"bones." Comfort and warmth are the essentials that go 
hand-in-hand. If ^ve attain these two requisites, we have 
succeeded in obtaining a bed admirably suited to our 
needs. On the market in large outfitters' stores, may be 
found a varied selection of beds, both simple and combina- 
tion. The combination bed constitutes also a hammock, 
shelter tent, and roll-up pack, in which may be carried all 
the nick-nacks that are needed on the trip. In this w^ay, 
carrjdng them does not take up extra space. 

Of course, the camp mattress must be waterproof. It 
is like a bag without ends, in which may be stuffed dry 
leaves; twigs, moss, etc., making an ideal bed. It has side 
flaps, made of heavy material that will resist water, the 
inside lining of which should be of wool, or other very 
warmth-giving stuff. If properly made, this forms an 
ideal covering, ecpial to three or four blankets. Aided by 
the camp fire, with this outfit the camper should exper- 
ience none of the cold chills of winter. The fire will not 
only keep one warm, but is essential in frightening awa}^ 
prowling Avolves and other animals, and is proof against 
these night marauders, for fire is their deadly fear and 
strikes terror to their hearts. The fiercest animal of the 
jungle will not venture very near a big brisk camp fire. They 
have perhaps had this fear instilled into them by some 
terrible experience in a great forest fire; it is a fear that 
seems even to have been handed down to them by heredity, 
and perhaps is. So much for the camp fire. Now let us 
get back to a discussion of camp equipment. 



112 THK AXGLER AND HIXTSMAX 

If you have facilities for takiiij;- an extensive outfit, 
including camp cot, camp stove, etc., of course the roll- 
pack combination bed would not suffice, unless j^ou prefer 
to ''rough it" instead of trying to purchase every article a 
luxurious outing would demand. I am offering sugges- 
tions for the average outer, recognizing that the average 
outer is not a millionaire. However, even some million- 
aires prefer as simple outfits as possible, which do not en- 
tail the worry and l)other a lot of surplus parapher- 
nalia causes. Hence, it is not only useless to de- 
scribe the more elaborate things that may be taken 
on a winter camping trip, but it is unnecessary 
because the average outer does not wish to be burdened 
down with the manifold "household duties" such outfits 
incur. Their wives (if they are married men) have per- 
haps given them an iidvling of the manifold domestic duties 
to be performed about the home, and they have no further 
inclinations along this line. What they are after is life 
as near the primitive as possible to attain, which is the 
woi'd 'simplicity" itself. 

''The greatest care must be used in picking out the es- 
sentials, and in eliminating the non-essentials. If the 
camp is only to be a temporary affair, a sort of wigwam, or 
tent, and the camper intends moving from place to place, 
depending upon game signs, etc., then it is inexx)edient to 
take with one more than is absolutely and positively nec- 
essary. When this rule is disobeyed, it results in the loss 
of the greater part of the surplus luggage, for sooner or 
later the camper will have to sacrifice a part of a too bur- 
densome pack on some long portage or moimtain trail, and 
a little foresight will save him dollars as well as lost energy 
and much aggravation. If these suggestions are carried 
out, you will be benefited. 

The "Grub": 

The word "grub," as here applied, is i)rol)ably slang, 
as it really means "to dig," and in another sense means 



THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 



113 



''the larva of an insect," but it is a term widely used and 
widely understood to denote food. I have never heard how 
it came to be called "grub," but believe food was so desig- 
]iated by some wit because we have to "dig" or "work" 
for what we eat. At any rate, it is a word common to out- 
doorsmen, and hence here applied in its slang sense, mean- 
ing food. 

As far as possi])le avoid canned goods put up in tin. 
If it is a reliable, commonly used brand it is perhaps safe, 
but the best canned grub is put up in glass cans or glass jars. 
Anything put up in glass is said to be safe from contami- 
nation, which is not true of tin canned goods in every case. 
Most anything desired can be obtained in glass jars, for 
instance, choice bacon, dried be.ef, sliced ham, olives, 
pickles, preserves of all kinds, milk, etc., etc. If you pitch 
camp near a farm-house, butter, eggs, milk, etc., can be 
readilv obtained fresh. 



INTRODUCTORY TO PART TWO— 



Stanley Blake, the author of Part Two of this voliime, 
was bom in Ohio, removing to Cincinnati to engage in a 
profession when but a young man. Since his early youth 
he has been a hunter of note, having hunted in all parts of 
the United States, both large and small game of all kinds. 
Always very fond of dogs, it was natural that he should 
own and breed some of the best dogs America has produced. 
In his early career, he owned and operated the High- 
land Kennels, at Newport, Kentucky, later removing to 
Berry, Kentucky, Avhere he now operates the largest hunt- 
ing-dog kennels in the world, shipping more dogs than all 
other kennels in this countrv combined, THE BLUE 
GEASS FARM KENNELS, OF BERRY, KY. 

He served in the Spanish-American war, and has widely 
traveled in our island possessions and Mexico. He has 
been all over the United States and knows hunting condi- 
tions, as a whole, probably better than any other American. 

He takes a keen interest in everything pertaining to 
the outdoors, and aside from running the largest kennels 
in the world, engages in scientific farming and stock-raising. 
Starting in business on practically nothing, he has made a 
phenomenal success. 



114 



PART TWO 



BY STANLEY BLAKE 



THE INVENTION OF ARMS AND AMMUNITION: 

History tells us that arms and aimnimition were in- 
vented by a naked savage in the dim ages of the past. The 
invention, we are told, was made quite by accident. The 
naked savage was out hunting one day, when suddenly he 
was confronted by a huge wild beast, that, looking the sav- 
age in the eye, licked its great chops in a manner denoting 
extreme hunger, and started to attack the man. What 
was the savage to do? An insurmountable cliff cut off 
any possible avenue of escape. He must face the beast. 
He had no time to even think what he should do. Instinc- 
tively he knew, without weapons of any kind whatsoever, 
that the beast could easily overpower and make a meal off 
of him. This was in the dim ages before even the most 
primitive weapons were in use; nothing had as yet been 
thought of for defense except human strength unaided by 
anything else. 

Then, as now, the law of self-preservation asserted it- 
self, and m the twinkling of an e^^e he reached down and 
grasped a jagged piece of stone and with all his might hurl- 
ed it straight at the beast's head. His aim was true. The 
great force with which the savage had hurled the stone 
sent it crashing against the animal's skull with a noisy im- 
pact that sent the beast to his knees in a senseless stupor, 
giving the naked savage a chance to escape, which he lost 
no time in taking advantage of. As he sped on his way to 

115 



116 THE AXGLER AXD HUXTSMAX 

liberty he paused just long enough to congratulate him- 
self upon saving his own life. He knew he had done this. 
But he had done something else, the magnitude and impor- 
tance of Avhicli his savage brain had absolutelv no concep- 
tion. HE HAD INVENTED ARMS AND AMMUNI- 
TION! 

After the savage had escaped an untimely death by 
hurling the stone with mighty force at tlie brute-beast, he 
straightway went to the head tribesman and communicat- 
ed his discovery. No doubt the chief was greatly amazed 
and much pleased that one of his subjects had dared face 
the great forest animal and actually knock him to his 
knees in a dazed condition. No doubt he highly commend- 
ed the bravery and skill of the naked man. Very likely 
he called the whole tribe together and publicly acclaimed 
the gallantry of this daring creature who had so success- 
fully dared to face the great lord of the wilderness, mighty 
beast. 

Of course, once man had really begun to think, after 
having realized by chance the possilnlities of defending 
oneself, it was but a comparatively short time until he had 
begun to devise improvements on the ancient method of 
heaving a stone by main strength of the body-muscles. 

Came a time when greater force was desired. A way 
must be found to cast a stone farther and with greater ve- 
locity. How should it be done? That, no doubt, was the 
burning question of the da}^ discussed in many a council 
of war in many a chieftain's Avigwam as they were planning- 
to swoop down vipon their neighbors in a Avar of conquest, 
or a war engendered by natural jealousy and hatred. 

One day a great invention was heralded far and wide 
by excited couriers. A tribesman had invented a weapon 
whereby a stone could be thrown not only farther and with 
greater force, but straighter than had been possible be- 
fore. This came to be known as the sling, and all the tribes- 
men soon learned to be expert at sling-throwing. This 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 117 

was the second step in the evolution of modern firearms. To 
this day slings are used in certain countries, and are in 
vogue by young boj^s here in our own countr}^ 

The third great step was the invention of the bow and 
arrow, and the early settlers of America know what a 
deadly weapon it proved to be in the hands of the blood- 
thirsty Indians who roamed this country in colonial days. 

The bow and arrow made man lord over every beast 
that roamed the jungle or galloped over the prairies. As 
time went on it was improved until it could be depended 
upon to stop the most savage animal. Not only was it 
employed against dangerous animals, but ag^ainst the 
members of other tribes, who vied with each other to see 
who could invent the most deadly and fearful weapon. 
This spirit, we regret to add, still thrives, as recently 
shown in the great world war where every means was em- 
ployed by the bloody Huns to gain their ends — liquid fire, 
poison gas, shrapnel, big guns of wonderful range, etc., be- 
ing freely used in an inhumane and unthought-of barbarous 
fashion. 

The mechanical age at last appeared and the cross-bow 
was evolved. Every student of history knows the impor- 
tant role the cross-bow has played on down through the 
ages in many a bloody strife between tribes and between 
nations. 

The cross-bow was developed until it had the appear- 
ance of our modern gun. This weapon was perfected in the 
war between China and Japan. 

It was by accident that the first primitive weapon of 
defense was conceived, and so it was by accident also that 
another powerful agency was found — an agency whose po- 
tent qualities man little knew in those early days. 

The age of chemistry was at hand. Two monks con- 
ducted experiments in their monastery in an effort to 
(iiscover a mixture suitable for use to make fire, which was 
to be thrown on enemy buildings, composed of such ma- 



].18 I' hi: AXtJLER AND HUNTSMAN 

terial as piteli, suli)lnir, rosin, saltpeter, and naptlia. From 
tliis "Greek fire" was evolved. There is dispute as to who 
first invented gunpowder, some claiming it was the Chi- 
nese, but as China was entirely cut off and remote from the 
balance of the world, it remained for the other countries 
to solve the great problem for themselves. 

One of the monks, Roger Bacon by name, was lal)or- 
ing one night in his constant endeavors to make a satis- 
factory "fire" for uses stated above, and on this particu- 
lar night he used pure instead (rf impure saltpeter, endeav- 
oring, ^\■e can suppose, to get a most violent and longer 
burning flame. He was busy at his work, watching the 
progress of the experiments, when suddenly a terrific ex- 
plosion rent the building. He narrowly escaped death. 
The investigation proved that pure saltpeter could not be 
used in the mixture for the purpose of making "fire." 
Little did he realize that he had really discovered gunpow- 
der. Thus in the thirteenth century Roger Bacon gave 
to the world that potent agency of destruction now famil- 
iarly known throughout the civilized world. 

In the opinion of the ^vriter Bacon died not knowing 
the great importance of his discovery. In later years, a 
man named Schwartz studied Bacon's works and carried 
on dangerous investigations of his own, and he was the 
first man to give to Euror>e and the world the fruits of 
the discovery of gunpowder. 

Needless to say, it was but a short time imtil the cross- 
bow and gun-powder had been so improved until the 
matchlock was produced. Successive generations saw the 
flint-lock, the early Persian gun, the Scotch wheel-lock, 
the early Swiss pistols, the Dutch wheel-lock or double- 
barreled pistol, the wheel-lock rifle, and various other 
freaks and fancy guns, until the present time when our 
modern high-power rifles, our perfect shotguns and mod- 
ern implements of war and peace have attained to a state of 
perfection never dreamed of by our forefathers. 



THE AXGLER AND HUXTSMAX 119 

The sportsmen of tliis da}^ can thank their luck}^ stars 
that they live in a progressive age like this, in peace, se- 
cnrity, and contentment, and by the same token they can 
thank high Heaven they did not live in those early times 
when "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" was of- 
ten not attainable — why? Because the weapons of that 
day had faults that were more than likely to prove the undo- 
ing of the hunter and the fighter and could not, therefore, 
be fully depended upon at all times as can modern arms and 
ammunition be depended upon in this age. 

What a del^t of gratitude we owe our forefathers who 
l)attled against great odds and finally overcame them, 
Ininging civilization to the New World with all its conse- 
quent blessings. 

The progress of nations is indeed closely linked with 
the improvement and efficiency of its firearms. 

GUNS AND AMMUNITION: 

In the first place, the author desires to state that the 
following article does not pretend to set itself up as an ab- 
solute authority on the difficult question of arms and am- 
munition for hunting different varieties of game. The 
choice of arms and ammunition, like taste in neckties, is a 
question of "many men, niau}^ minds." We only wish to 
point out the more commonly accepted standards and tastes 
in both arms and annnunition. Even this constitutes prob- 
lems that the individual must solve for himself to meet his 
own particular needs and his own peculiar desires. Hence, 
our remarks on the subject must be purely general in char- 
acter. 

The writer has consulted several experts of national 
reputation in regard to these matters, and briefly summa- 
rizes their opinions below, withholding their names at 
their request. 

The first expert consulted has this to say on the 
subject: 



120 THE ANGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 

''Taking first the question of small game; in recent 
years the use of small gauges such as the 16 and 20 has been 
constantly increasing, and. under certain circumstances they 
are very suitable and satisfactory. However, sportsmen 
throughout the world have pinned their faith to 12 gauge 
Winchester Repeating Shotguns, as the best all-aroimd 
game guns in the world, as they are suitable not only for 
wild fowl, but for rabbits, hares, foxes, and all small game. 

"The question of suitable loads for water fowl is an 
open one, due to the difference in the size of the game. 
They range from the little blue wing teal, which is slightly 
larger than a quail, up to the big sea duck, or sea coot, 
weighing from four to five pounds, and protected by a 
thatch of feathers about an inch thick. For teal, sports- 
men have found ordinary number 8 shot satisfactor}^ This 
size of shot, naturally, would have very little effect on an 
armored cruiser of the coast like the sea coot. The goose, 
duck and such large birds as the swan, require a heavy 
charge of powder and large shot. For quail and grouse a 
medium to fairly heavy load of powder, and shot sizes six 
to eight, has been found effective. 

"The wild turkey comes in a class b}^ himself. In 
certain sections of the South, BB shot is used so universally 
for this bird that it is known to hunter and storekeeper 
alike as 'turkey shot.' 

"It would be better to eliminate the coon and opossum 
from the list of small game animals, as they are nocturnal, 
and are usually killed with a club in any case. The skunk 
is also nocturnal, and for other and 'strong' reasons it 
would be wisest to hunt skunk with a high-power, long 
range rifle. 

"The fox is also a special case. In the South he is 
hunted on horseback with dogs during certain seasons, the 
good old institution of the hunt still flourishing, and the 
English sportsman's horror of shooting a fox being a very 
real thing. In the North, however, the fox is a commer- 



THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 121 

cial fur-bearing proposition (when he isn't a chicken 
thief), and is ruthlessly hunted and trapped. A 12 gauge 
gun with big shot and a heavy load of powder is preferable 
when on the trail of Br'er Fox, as his vitality is great and 
he has an incouA-enient habit of crawling into a hole to re- 
cover, if his wound is not absolutely fatal. 

"The Winchester Model 95 is a famous big game gun, 
having been used by such eminent hunters as the late Ex- 
President Roosevelt, with a success that is known to the 
world. Admiral Peary on his trip to the North Pole, Sir 
Ernest Shackleton in his explorations in the South, depend- 
ed upon the Winchester gun to keep their outfits supplied 
with bear, seal and walrus meat and hides. The ammuni- 
tion used by the Model 95 is most powerful, especially the 
.405 W. C. F. and the .30 Government M-06 cartridges, 
which have exceptional range and remarkable shocking 
effect. 

''A light weight rifle handling very powerful cart- 
ridges is the Winchester M-94. This gun is of the tubular 
magazine t}^e, and is operated by a finger lever under 
the receiver. It is quite powerful enough for such game 
as mountain lion, wild cat and deer, although it is not quite 
as effective at long range as the M-95. But when every 
ounce counts, as in difficult and wearying journeys and 
moimtain climbing, the M-94 has given great satisfaction. 

''However good an arm may be on leaving the fac- 
tory, the only way to keep it in working condition is to 
clean it after every using. Never allow your gun to go 
over night without being cleaned. If you take care of it 
carefully it will never fail j^ou in one of those crucial mo- 
ments when failure may mean great disappointment or 
even life itself to the hunter. 

"Some men never clean their guns properly and get 
away with it, but they are taking a big chance and never 
have the satisfaction of being absolutely safe. Especially 
is this true in the matter of oiling. You may neglect some 



122 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

(^ther process and be saved by your rabbit's foot, but forget 
to oil 3^our gun and sooner or later you will be thoroughly 
punished for your neglect, and moreover you will have to 
buy a new gun. 

"A gun is apt to be just as good as the care that is taken 
of it ; the Winchester Company, realizing this, have special- 
ized on a line of metal cleaning and preserving prepara- 
tions especially adapted to their own arms." 

Another expert, when asked for his opinions concern- 
ing arms and ammunition for the various game animals and 
birds, had this to say: 

' ' The best gun for all small game shooting is the modern 
12 gauge and the most popular models are the autoloading 
and pump action. For shooting quail, grouse, and other 
upland game birds a gun bored modified choke is the most 
satisfactory. For shooting ducks and geese, and also for 
shooting turkeys, the gun should be bored full choke. 

''For shooting rabbits, including the varying hare, 
likewise for shooting various kinds of vermin, such as 
hawks, the modified choke bore is most satisfactory. For 
shooting foxes, a full choke gun should be used and shells 
loaded with No. 3 or No. 2 buckshot. No. 3 shot is the 
right size for turkeys. The latter load is also satisfactory 
for shooting coons, skunks, 'possums, and other small ani- 
mals, including wild cats. 

"For shooting big game, the Remington autoloading 
rifle is a favorite, but the Remington slide-action model is 
also very popular. These rifles are made in the following 
calibers — .25 Remington, .30 Remington, .32 Remington, 
.35 Remington. The latter cartridge is the most power- 
ful and the best adapted for the larger game animals such 
as Alaskan brown and grizzly bears and for moose. The oth- 
er cartridges are popular for shooting moose, caribou, deer, 
goats, and sheep, depending u]}on the individual prefer- 
ence of the shooter. We find the .30 caliber to be the most 
popular all around cartridge." 



THE AXGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 123 

iStill another expert offers the following information 
on the subject: 

"It would be imj)Ossible for me to lay down any defi- 
nite rules along this line because there is a wide difference 
in opinion among sportsmen and what one man considers 
just the proper load for a given purpose, other shooters re- 
gard as by no means the best. It all depends upon condi- 
tions and individual preference. Of course the 12 gauge 
shotgun is still more largely used than any other, although 
the 20 gauge, 28 gauge and .110 are growing rapidly in 
popular favor for shooting small birds and animals." 

The Care of Firearms: 

Several authorities were consulted on the care of fire- 
arms, and replied as follows : 

"In the early days of gun-making, firearms were very 
crude affairs. The barrels were smooth bore, or approxi- 
mately so, because in those days gun making machinery 
was also very crude and the interiors of the barrels of the 
gims made for many years were not even as smooth as in the 
poorest and cheapest shotguns made today. There was no 
way of looking through the barrel, for there was no open- 
ing at the breech, except a small passage from the flash 
pan vv^here the priming charge was placed. These guns 
were inaccurate as compared with modern firearms and it 
really did not make much difference whether the barrel 
w^as carefully cleaned or not since they would not shoot 
straight anyway. 

"Modern firearms, such as Remington U M C shot- 
guns and rifles, are splendid examples of present day me- 
chanical genius. While efficient in the highest degree, 
when judged as pieces of machinery, they are yet extremely 
simple in construction. 

"The possession of a Remington gun or rifle inspires 
its owner with a desire to keep it in the perfect mechanical 



124 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

condition in which he received it from the factory. Too 
many men, because they are not familiar with the proper 
methods of cleaning their guns, finall}' discard them because 
vi rust and corrosion. 

"A rifle or shotgun will last the shooter a lifetime and 
always give as good results as when first used if it be a 
good one and is cared for properly. 

"It is absolutely necessary to clean a firearm as soon 
after shooting as possible, to keep it in perfect condition. 
Aside from the fact that the sooner you clean out the foul- 
ing the less time it has to act on the steel of the l^arrel, it is 
well knoT^ro that the fouling, after any considerable length 
of time, becomes sticky and hard and requires more woi'k 
to remove than if the cleaning is done within, say, a half- 
hour after the last shot is fired. 

"Always clean the barrel from the breech; if cleaned 
from the muzzle the dirt is pushed back into the action, and 
the cleaning rod is apt to wear or burr the muzzle of the 
barrel and spoil its accuracy. Eemington U M C firearms 
are all made so that they can be cleaned from the breech. 

"Never use emery in a rifle barrel. It will destroy 
the rifling, enlarge the bore and ruin its accuracy. 

Shotgun Barrels: 

"It seems as though the tendency of any rifle or shot- 
gun barrel to rust and corrode depends to some extent upon 
the breech pressure and the temperature generated by 
the explosion of the powder. Shotgun barrels, owing to 
the comparativeh" low breech pressures which they produce, 
are not so sensitive to rust or corrosion as rifle or revolver 
barrels. Care in cleaning however, is well worth while for 
there is a vast difference in evenness of pattern and uni- 
form shooting qualities of a barrel in perfect condition and 
a rusty foul one. 

"As all shotgun barrels will lead more or less, depend- 
ing on the rapidity with which they are shot and weather 



THE AXGLER AXD HUNTSMAX 125 

conditions, we strongly recommend the use of a soft brass 
cleaner, either the bristle t^^e, or the woven wire type. Do 
not use the iron wire brushes usually furnished with jointed, 
wooden cleaning rods as the continued use of these iron 
brushes for ordinary cleaning will spoil the polished sur- 
face of the bore. Such brushes are useful only for cases 
of severe rust. 

"The following procedure will keep your barrel in 
perfect condition, provided, of course, it was not rusty be- 
fore you started shooting: 

"Scrub the barrel thoroughly with a brass cleaner 
which has been oiled with Rem Oil. Allow^ it to stand for 
a few minutes, then run through several dry cloth patches 
and finish up with one which has been saturated with 
Eem Oil. You may now safely lay away your shotgun 
with the assurance that it will stay in perfect condition 
unless you leave it where it is exposed to moisture. 

.22 Caliber Rifle Barrels: 

"To clean .22 caliber rifle barrels and other low power 
sizes, scrub with a soft brass bristle brush soaked with Rem 
Oil. Follow with four or five pieces of cloth, every other one 
saturated Avith Rem Oil. Have the last one fit a bit loos- 
er than the others, and have as much Rem Oil on it as pos- 
sible so as to leave a good coating on the inside of the 
barrel. Smokeless powder used in .22 caliber rifles is 
more liable to cause rust than less smoke. To get the best 
results when smokeless powder is used, clean immediately 
or just as soon as possible after firing the last shot. 

"If the rifle barrel becomes leaded and a brass bristle 
brush fails to remove the lead, it may be cleaned by running- 
quicksilver through it. The lead will amalgamate with 
the quicksilver. Plug one end of the barrel and put in 
the quicksilver, the other end to be held with the finger 
and the barrel turned end to end, rolling occasionally so 
that all the surface will be reached by the quicksilver. Tf 



126 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

this treatment does not remove the leading, the barrel 
should be returned to our factory where we can remove 
it, unless the interior of tlic barrel is too badly pitted or 
rusted, in which case a noAv barrel Avill he required. 

High Power Rifle Barrels: 

''Procedure for high power rifle barrels using metal 
jacketed bullets is the same as for .22 caliber rifle barrels 
except that a second cleaning one day later is necessary. 

"Sometimes parts of the metal jacket of the bullet will 
adhere to the lands or grooves of the high power rifle bar- 
rel. This condition is known as metal fouling and if pres- 
ent only in small quantities can easily be removed hy a vig- 
orous rubbing with a cloth patch moistened with a concen- 
trated solution of Ammonium Hydrate. 

"If metal fouling is present the patch Avill come out 
a deep blue color. Patches with ammonia on th^'ui 
should be run through until one comes out practically col- 
orless. The ammonium hydrate treatment will remove 
light deposits of metal, but when the fouling is very heavy 
as is sometimes the case when the barrel has been shot 
a number of times in rapid succession, we have found the 
following preparation the best to remove it: 

Ammonium Carbonate 200 grains 

Ammonium Hydrate 6 ounces 

Ammonium Persulphate . 1 ounce 

Distilled water 4 ounces 

"The method of applying is to cork up the breech of 
the rifle and fit a short section of tu])ing over the muzzle. 
The solution is then poured in until it fills the barrel and 
part of the rubber tube so that the muzzle will be com- 
pletely covered. The liquid should remain for thirty 
minutes or an hour, then pour out. This preparation de- 
teriorates with age and is most effective when fresh. 

"Care must be taken, if either of the above methods 



-THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 127 

are used, to thoroughly clean out the inside of the barrel 
and any metal part which has been wet with the solutions, 
as if they dry on the steel, they are liable to cause rust. 
Be careful also not to let the ammonium hydrate solution 
or the preparation mentioned above touch the wooden 
stock or forearm as they will remove the finish. The 
danger from metal fouling arises from the fact that clean- 
ing cdl is excluded from barrel surfaces covered by it and 
rusting is very apt to follow. 

Actions and Moving Parts: 

'^The mechanism of all firearms should be cleaned and 
lubi'icated with oil and a thin film rubbed on the outside 
metal ])iirts to preserve them from rust." The above in- 
formation on "how to take care of firearms" was taken 
from the Remington U M C catalogue and incorporated 
here on account of the intrinsic value of the suggestions, 
and because the makers of guns are naturally best fitted 
to know just how they should be taken care of. 

ORIGIN OF HUNTING DOGS: 

Nothing is definitely known as to the origin of the 
English Setter, but there is also a lack of trustworthy in- 
formation regarding the origin of all the other old breeds 
of dogs. 

Some writers of note claim that the English Setter 
originated in a Sijaniel ancestry. To 23rove their claims, 
they quote early writers on the subject, of which the fol- 
lowing excerpts will show the foundation on which their 
claims are based: 

The author, Stonehenge, writing on the subject of 
"The Dogs of the British Islands" in the year 1867, says: 

As some difference of opinion appears to exist with 
regard to Setters, we have determined thoroughly to sat- 
isfy ourselves as to their origin and best form, and we 
have called all the best authorities to our assistance. We 



128 



THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 



propose to place the result of our labors before the public, 
aud to add our owu couclusions. 

There is uo doubt that the sport of hawking was known 
and practiced by the ancient Britons, and that the Roman 
was totally ii>-noraut of the science; but the iuA^ader at once 
came to the conclusion that the system might be improved, 
and introduced the Land Spaniel, if not the Water Dog, also, 
into this country. 

These dogs roused tlie game, aud this was all that tlie 
hawker required of them in those early days; but in after 




■PERFECT POINTERS.' 



years, as we shall see, dogs were required to point, or, in the 
language of the quaint old writer, "sodainely stop and fall 
down upon their bellies," and having so done, when within 
two or three yards, "then shall your Setter stick, and by no 
persuasion go further till yourself come in and use your 
pleasure." 



thp: angler and huntsman 129 

At first, then, witliout doubt, the Spaniel was merely 
used as a springer for the lunvk, which was subsequently 
neglected for the net; and the propensity of the dog to pause 
before making his dash at game was cultivated and cher- 
ished, by breeding and selection, until, at last, gratified by 
observing the action of the net, he yielded his natural im- 
pulse of springing at all, and set, or lay dowm, to permit the 
net to be drawn over him. After this, the hawker trained 
his Spaniel to set ; then he cast off his hawks, which ascend- 
ed in circles, and "waited on" until his master roused the 
quarry from its concealment, when he pounced upon it like 
a pistol shot. 

When used either w^ith hawks or for the net (especially 
in the latter case), a far heavier dog answered the purpose 
than Avhat we call a "Highranging Setter." The net en- 
veloped a whole covey in its meshes, and few manors would 
allow of many coveys being taken in a day ; whilst the dis- 
entangling the birds, and securing them, allowed time for 
the heavy dog to rest and regain his wind. 

Richard Surflet, who wrote in 1600, gives us the follow- 
ing information. Writing of the Field or Land Spaniel, ' ' of 
which sith before no author hath fully intreated," he de- 
scribes him as "gentle, loving, and courteous to man, more 
than any other sort of dog whatsoever"; and as ''loving to 
hunt the wing of any bird, especially partridge, pheasant, 
quails, rails, coots, and such like." He tells us we are "to 
choose him by his shape, beaut}^, metal, and cunning hunt- 
ing; his shape being discerned in the good composition of his 
l)ody, as when he hath a round, thick head, a short nose, a 
long, well-compast, and hairie eare, broad ajid syde lips, a 
cleere red eie, a thick neck, broad breast, short and well-knit 
joints, round feete, strong cleys (high dew-cley'd), good 
round ribs, a gaunt bellie, a short, broad backe, a thicke, 
bushie and long-haired taile, and all his bodie generally long 
and well-haired. His beautie is discerned in his colour, of 
which the motleys or piede are the l)est; whether they be 



130 THE AXGLKK AXD HUNTSMAN 

])laek-aiid-white, red-and-wliite, or liver-hned-and- white; 
for, to be all of one colour, as all white, or all l)laeke, or all 
red, or all liver-hued, without any other spot, is not so 
comely in the field, although the dog's, notwithstanding, 
may be of excellent cunning. His mettall is discerned 
in his free and untired laboursome ranging, beating a 
field over and over, and not leaving a furrow luitrod- 
den, or one unsearched, where any haunt is likely to 
be hidden; and when he doth it, most coragiously and 
swiftly, with a wanton playing taile, and a busie la- 
bouring nose, neither desisting nor showing less delight in 
his labour at night than he did in the morning and his 
cunning hunting is discerned by his casting about heedfully, 
and nmning into the wind .of the prey he seeketh; by 
his stillnesse and quietnesse in hunting, without bablding or 
barking; but when he is upon an assured and certain haunt, 
by the manner of his ranging, and when he compasseth a 
whole field about at the first, and after lesneth and lesneth 
the circumference, till he have trodden every path, and 
brought the whole circuit to one point; and l)y his more tem- 
perate and leisurely hunting, when he comes to the first 
scent of the game, sticking upon it, and pricking it out by 
degrees;. not opening or questing by any means, but whimp- 
ering and whining to give his master a warning of what he 
scenteth, and to prepare himself and his hawke for the 
pleasure he seeketh; and when he is assured of his game, 
then to quest out loudly and freely." 

After describing Spaniels which ''delight in plains or 
the oj^en fields," and otliers more adapted for covert, he 
goes on to say: "There is another sort of Land Spannyels 
which are called Setters, and they differ nothing from the 
former, but in instruction and obedience, for these must 
neither hunt, range, nor retaine, more or less, than as the 
master appointeth, taking the whole limit of whatsoever 
they do from the eie or hand of theii' instructor. They nmst 
never quest at any time, what occasion soever may hai>]>(')i. 



THE ANGLER AND HINTSMAN 131 

but as being dogs without voices, so they must hunt close 
and mute. And when they come upon the haunt of that 
they hunt, they shall sodainely stop and fall down upon 
their bellies, and so leisurely creep by degrees to the game 
till they come within two or three yards thereof, or so neare 
that they can not press nearer witliout danger of retriev- 
ing. Then shall your Setter stick, and by no persuasion go 
further till yourself come in and use your pleasure. Now 
the dogs which are to be made for this pleasure should be 
the most principall, best, and iTistiest Spannyel you can get, 
both of good scent and good courage, yet young, and as lit- 
tle as may be made acquainteed with much hunting." 

There is no doubt that the Setter is a Spaniel, brought 
by a variety of crosses (or rather, let us say, of careful selec- 
Itions) to tile size and form in which we now find him. He 
is the most national of all our shooting dogs, and certainly 
has existed for four centuries. His form probably has im- 
proved. 

Stonelienge, in another part of his works, says that 
"About the year 1555, a duke of Northumberland trained 
one (he was writing on the Sussex Spaniel) 'to set birds 
for the net;' and soon afterward the Setter was produced, 
either by selection or l)y crossing the Talbot Hoimd and 
Spaniel." 

Another noted writer of his day was Laverack, who, 
writing on "The Setter," states: 

"I am of the opinion that all Setters have more or less 
originally sprung from our various strains of Spaniels, and 
I believe most breeders of any note agree that the Setter is 
nothing more than a setting Spaniel. How^ the Setter at- 
tained his sufficiency of point is difficult to account for, 
and I leave that question to wiser heads than mine to deter- 
mine. ^Fdie Setter is said and acknowledged, by authorities 
of long standing, to be of greater antiquity than the Point- 
er. If this is true, and I believe it is, the Setter can not at 
first haA^e been crossed with tlie Pointer to render him 
what he is." 



132 THK AXliLKK AND HUNTSMAN 

If Fucli nuni as Lavcrack could not fathom tlic doi)ths of 
the mystery siiiToimding the origin of the Setter dog, the 
reader will pardon us for eandidly admitting our inability 
to do so. Therefore, let us leave off as we began — there is 
nothing definitely known as to the origin of the English 
Setter, which is also true of all the otlier older l)reeds of 
dogs. 

We could (juote the writings of early authors on the 
possible origin of all the (jther old breeds of hunting dogs, 
but this would be imposing upon your time and patience, in- 
as much as we would have established notliing for a surety 
at the end, so we will allow our remarks and quotations on 
the English Setter to answer for the other older breeds of 
hunting dogs. 

Big G-ame Hunting: 

This is a fascinating subject — one upon which we like 
to write — but we must admit there is intermingled with our 
feelings a sense of regret, of sadness, because the big game 
of the United States is really and truly well-nigh a passing- 
memory, an episode in the evolution of our progress as a na- 
tion that is almost dead and gone — forever. 

But a ray of sunshine and hope gleams through the dark 
clouds of despair — for there is (Janada and Alaska yet- -big 
game's last retreat in North America. We turn, then, hope- 
fully to the North, to the gK^at virgin forests and waste- 
places as yet i)ractical]y untouched and untrod by man. 

When our forefathers came across the seas to this 
country there was not only game of all kinds in abundance, 
but there existed an actual over-supply. Subsequentlv, the 
different colonies (and later the various States) found it 
necessary to offer bounties for the pelts of the different 
species of game animals that proved a source of annoyance 
to the early settlers in their pursuit of life and liberty. 

AVith the steady encroachments of civilization on our 
wild, each year th(\v l:ave be(M)me less plentiful in many 



THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 166 

States, and in the great majority have been utterly exterini- 
natecL In a few remaining States some species are fomid 
in limited numbers. 

Wild animals of the larger species have been forced to 
take up their abode in retreats that man has not yet pene- 
trated to any marked degree because these regions have 





'.htii l';;Lifir llail\\a\ I'd. 

"A PARTY OF CANADIAN DEER HUNTERS." 



been unsuited to man from a climatic standpoint, being 
either too dry or too cold. Therefore, Canada and Alaska 
by reason of their geographical positions are the logical 
modern homes for game that has been driven steadil}^ north- 
ward and westward by man with his potent agency of de- 
struction — modern firearms. 



134 THK AXliLKl; AXi) HIXTSMAX 

So it is tliat the fri^'id i'o,c,'ioiis of tlie Xorth offer the 
last haven of safety for our l)ii;- game animals. The climate 
in years past has proven a tolerably safe barrier of security 
for them, but even there they are not safe. Hardy si)orts- 
inen and nativ(\s annually take a heavy toll from their num- 
bers and it oidy I'emains a mere matter of time until they 
will be extinguished if the strong arm of the law, armed with 
effective conservation legislation, does not intervene and 
stay their execution. 

AVe, and our neighljor to the North of us, have already 
enacted some very humane and essential game laws, in fact 
we have more laws than we have game left to protect, and 
what we most need at the present moment is not more gaine 
hiws, but more rigid enforcement of those already on our 
statute books. This is the crying need of the hour. I say. 
down with the game hog and market hunter, and all hail 
to the true sportsmen, whom these protective measures, 
properly enforced, will really benefit, as is apparent on the 
face of the proposition. We claim to be living in a pro- 
gressive age. Then, let's do something that is really pro- 
gressive. Suppose we make each sportsman a committee of 
one to see that no game hogs and pot hunters stay around 
his "neck of the woods" unpunished by law. "In imion 
there is strength," and "United we stand. Divided we fall," 
are two good mottoes for us to go by, for if all we sportsmen 
"pull together" and introduce a little "team work" into our 
efforts, the result will be amazing and gratifying. 

As the situation now stands, the sportsman of to-day 
needs must travel afar to these northern or western abodes 
of big game if he would not court failure. No longer is it 
possible for those living in a thickly populated community 
to go out and l^ag a bear, a moose, a sheep, a caribou, or a 
deer, as in days of old, without investing a yoimg fortune in 
equipuK^nt and railroad fare. They must hie away to some 
remote spot whence the larger game has fled. This inctm- 
venience and expense caused the modern sportsman is di- 



THE ANGLER AXD HrXTSMAN 135 

reetly the result of the great slaughter encompassed by the 
damnable and unspeakable game hog and market hunter. 
But sooner or later the sportsman will not even be able to 
locate the game he desires by these long trips taken at so 
nmch time and expense, for the game hog and market hunt- 
er are right on the job all the time, slaughtering and trap- 
ping the noble wild creatures in their distant haunts and 
robbing you of your share of nature's stores. It is easily 
seen what condition this will eventually bring about. 
It doesn 't take a pessimist to see the end of the beginning 
in this case. The hand-Avriting appears on the wall, and it 
spells nothing less than total extinction in a few more years, 
if this needless and cruel slaughter is not brought to a halt. 
I have already pointed out my idea of how to effect this halt 
— not by enacting more game laws, but by rigidly and dili- 
gently enforcing those we already have enacted. That is 
the only ]3ractical solution to the problem, so far as I am 
able to see. 

As to the bear, some folks make the claim he does not 
deserve protection, accusing him of pilfering the farmer's 
pigsties, and placing numberless other misdemeanors at his 
door. 

If those making these accusations against bruin will 
but take the trouble to thoroughly investigate each instance 
of this kind, they will find that it is not the bear who is to 
blame for these thefts but the more sly and cunning thief, 
the sneaking mountain lion. The latter will probably effect 
the slaughter, devour all he wants of the kill, which, let us 
presume is a pig, and then bruin will come along, get a scent 
of fresh meat, go and finish what the lion left, and then Mr. 
Farmer will come out next morning, see the huge bear 
tracks, cuss the innocent bear, and perhaps organize a posse 
of neighbors to help find and kill him for a crime for which 
the mountain lion, and not he, is res]3onsible. Every stu- 
dent of. nature knows a bear will not ordinarily molest any 
animal, with the exception of small rodents and insects, uu- 



136 THE ANGLER AND HliNTSMAN 

less liimself attacked first. In this ease the bear puts up a 
pretty stiff fight and a convincing argument. I distinctly 
remember one bear, in particular, that came near getting a 
close friend of mine. 

It was in British Columbia. My pal had gone there to 
recuperate his health and rouse his drooping spirits in the 
toxic air of the Canadian Eockies, and he did not let an op- 
portunity slip to accompany anybody on a big game hinit, 
as there were sportsmen from everywhere stopping there at 
the big mountain hotel, where my friend was staying. 

Now, evei'vbodv knows these Canadian bears are dead 
game fellows and very ferocious ^^'hen cornered or wounded. 
Any experienced spoi'tsman who has fought a bear in these 
northern wilds will tell you that. 

Hunting in Canada is indeed a delight to the outer. 
The scenic beauty of the mountains is enthralling, and the 
natives have not been idle, but have taken stock of their 
boundless scenic wealth, and got busy. They have studied 
Swiss methods and improved upon them; they put business 
men in charge of affairs and gave them power to do things 
in a big way. Having railroad prosperity and local busi- 
ness for their object, they planned carefull}^ and executed 
boldly. Picking out the Lake Louise region as their 2>oint 
of first concentration, they began the establishment of its 
trademark. They began advertising extensively and thor- 
oughly. 

Besult? These countries, Switzerland and Canada, 
to-day share the scenic reputation of the world. It has been 
estimated that in peace times the Alps draw a hundred mil- 
lion of American dollars a year. Abroad, the Canadinu 
Hockies are supposed to furnish the only scenic beauty in 
North America woi'tli looking at, and until quite recently it 
was the fixed belief of most Americans that they excelled 
anything in the United States. Thousands of citizens of 
the United States go yearh^ to the Canadian Rockies for the 
particular purpose of viewing what they think the most 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 137 

stupendous tliiug in the way of scenery in the Western Hem- 
isphere. And of course they think they have seen it, and 
naturally they come home and spread its fame. British 
colonies are active, even in these post-war days when the 
Avorld-at-large has not yet reached a definite peace footing. 
Quite recently, for instance, an American motion picture 
bureau received a gift of 25,000 feet of film, largely scenic, 
from South Africa. But while Canadian mountain scenery 
is all that is claimed for it, we want to pause to say right 
here that it is not any more beautiful than our own Rocky 
Mountain scenery. Even the Swiss Alps may be offset by 
our Glacier National Park alone. Point for point, Glacier 
will compete and usually score a triumph. There are 
many other beautiful national parks and reserves in the 
United States and in Alaska, but I will not follow this vem 
of thought further. 

I started out to tell 3'ou about the experience with the 
bear my friend related to me, and so here goes. He had no 
dogs with him, neither had his hunting mate. So they de- 
cided to hunt not far distant from each other, for the sake 
(►f safety, and for fear of my friend, who was unaccustomed 
to these game fields, getting lost. 

They had scouted around fVtr perhaps an hour among 
the foothills, but could discern no signs of game, so they 
decided to go higher. Two hours later found them well up 
among the smaller trees, and presently my friend John 
discovered a bear track in the thin layer of snow. Unques- 
tionably the easiest and best way to hunt bears is with thor- 
oughly trained hounds, or Airedale terriors, or better still — 
both. Without them, it is an excellent idea to have a com- 
panion, for you never know what's in store for you, as this 
exj^lanation will show. Either way you hunt you appar- 
ently have the bear at a great disadvantage. One of the 
chief reasons for fearing them is that such hugely exag- 
gerated stories are sometimes told as a joke and circulated 
for the truth about them that some hunters hesitate on this 



138 THE AXGLER AND HrXTS:NrAX 

aecoiiiit to liiiiit tlieso fiercely fig'htiiip,' iiortliorn bears; yet 
those who ha\'e phick enough to go after them once usually 
^yelcome the second opportunity, and this same rule applies 
to any other wild animal. There are some few hunters who 
will positively refuse to risk a shot at anything bigger than 
a titmouse, or where there is the least element of danger 
from the animal's defense of itself. These fellows are not 
real sportsmen in the true sense of the word. They are 
chicken-hearted, and thej^ do not get out of the hunt the 
siDort that they should get. It is the element of danger and 
excitement that really appeals to the true sportsman; a 
fighting chance is all he asks on a ''give and take" basis. 
Without the element of danger, excitement or chance, there 
can be no real sport and no true sportsman. 

In half an hour they had crept up on Mr. Bear, who I'e- 
mained quite unaware of their presence, they having ap- 
proached him up wind. The hunters decided to attack him 
on two sides, John making a detour to the opposite side of 
him. The bear was beginning to get suspicious by this time 
and had evidently scented John. But his natural powers of 
smell served him too late. Turning away from the direction 
in which the man scent came to him, he started down wind, 
unconsciously going right into the vicinity of another man 
enemy, John's partner. John whistled a w^arning signal 
to the other fellow, and himself follow^ed close on the bear's 
heels. The cordon was slowly being drawn tighter, bruin 
was surrounded, escape cut off. But bruin was not yet 
taken, and didn't intend to be, if a stiff fight would accom- 
plish anything. He was cornered, and a cornered bear will 
fight, and nobody but silly fools would blame him for fight- 
ing. 

Presently, a rifle shot rang out on the crisp, mountain 
air, rapidly followed by several other shots. Both rifles 
were speaking ; sending forth their challenge to the lord of 
tlie wilderness. 

The bear was not louG,- in answering the challenge. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 139 

AVitli a great voav of anguish caused by the immense pain 
the bullet-wounds produced, the huge grizzl^y bear reared up 
on its haunches, snapping and biting frantically and 
viciously; then he charged directly at John, his teeth bared 
and giving forth ugly snarls as only a really mad bear knows 
how. Seeing John's imminent danger, his pal came to the 
I'cscue, putting in a good shot on his side, but still the bear 
proceeded to charge John, who was backing up degree by 
degree, fearing to turn and run, lest the bear would follow 
suit and catch him before he could reach a tree, for the bear, 
tho' clumsy in appearance, is really very agile and active, 
esjDecially when riled up, as was this fellow. The next shot, 
however, caused the bear to turn on John's friend and 
charge him. This, of course, was my friend's queue to go 
to the assistance of his mate, which he did without delay, 
opening fire from his side. John 's object was to break both 
shoulders of the bear, thus rendering him comparatively 
harmless. A ball aimed at the head is seldom effective, un- 
less placed just behind the ear, and shots through the ribs or 
stomach serve only to make him intensely savage with pain, 
and a ])ear thus wounded, I know, is all every writer ever 
clamied and perhaps then some, often 10 or 12 hits being re- 
quired to finish the job, unless a lucky ball be planted in a 
vital si3ot. It is important to maintain as much distance 
as possible between one and the bear while he is in his angry 
mood, and a good plan is to keep backing steadily, firing 
alternately with as much precision as you can possibly sum- 
mon. Precision in aiming is a vital point, neglecting which 
you run great risk of eventually getting badly hurt or killed. 
Suddenly the bear broke into a run and turned and 
came at John on a dead run, thinking apparently to put an 
end to one adversary at a time and do it quickly. John was 
stampeded with fear. He said afterward he lost his rea- 
soning power by the suddenness and violence of the attack. 
He thought he was a goner. He ])roke and ran; seemingly 
there was nothing else to do, tlio' he had always known this 



140 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

was a very bad idea. Tlic In^ar sure was camping on his 
trail, and the first law of nature (that of self-preservation) 
told him if he; would preserve a whole hide and a healthy 
look he had better beat it for the tall and uncut, and that's 
exactly what he did. He admitted to me that he sure broke 
all speed records there that day, and opined the fact there 
was no stop-watch ai'tist there to time him. 

But just wdien he was beginning to think it was only a 
matter of seconds for him before the bear would have him in 
his powerful and death-dealing embrace, Fate came to his 
rescue. He suddenly became aware of the fact that he was 
no longer being pursued. Presently, sunnnoning sufficient 
courage to glance back over his shoulder, he made sure of it. 
The great bear had fallen to rise no more. A little time and 
loss of blood proved his undoing. 

It was dark wdien they got back to their hotel wdth the 
.bear skin, and they were good and tired, tho' supremely 
happy. 

SMALL GAME HUNTING: 

(Note: Scientific descriptions of the various game 
aimals, birds, and waterfowl were Avritten from data fur- 
nished by U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) 

Huntng methods differ in many localities, for instance, 
in nearly all of onr Northern States and in Canada the fox 
is lumted with a pack of dogs, and the hunters are each 
armed with shotguns or rifles, the method being to shoot the 
fox at the first opportunity, while in the Southern States, 
notably in Kentucky, the foxhnnters let the fox run ahead 
of the hounds as long as he is able to elude capture, and do 
not carry any firearms w^hatever. The Sonthern sportsmen 
hunt mounted on spirited horses, while the Northern f(^lk go 
forth afoot. 

The same rule applies to coon hunting, (excei)t it is 
hnnted afoot universally). In the Soutli, the coonhunter 
fares forth at night with his lantern and perhaps also car- 



THE ANGLEK AND HUNTSMAN 141 

ries an axe with wliicli to chop down the tree wherem his 
ring-tailed Majesty lias taken refuge, but he does not need a 
gun, for the, coon is never shot. The usual procedure is to 
get the coon out of the tree, or den, and let the dogs and the 
coon fight it out to the satisfaction of all concerned. On 
such occasions, not infrequently the coon gets the best of the 
dogs and makes good his escape. It is a method, the writer 
believes, worthy the traditions of sportsmanship, wherein 
the hunter gives the quarry a fighting chance. 

As to quail shooting, duck and geese shooting, wild tur- 
key hunting, and other land and waterfowl hunting, the 
methods all over our country appear to be much more 
similar. 

In the following pages we shall describe hunting- 
methods as applied to all sections of the country and which, 
therefore, may be of benefit to sportsmen in every part of 
North America. 

These reflections and stories are the result of a lifetime 
spent close to Nature's Fount. If they prove an inspira- 
tion to brother sportsmen and to those not as yet fully ini- 
tiated into the secrets of Nature's realm, they will abun- 
dantly have achieved the author's aim in writing- them 
do^^ 11. He can hope for no greater reward than that some 
suggestion offered herein may help a fellow craftsman. 

To aid another is really the creed of every true sports- 
man, and if we have failed to aid you, either in lightening 
3'our l^urden or l)y offering timely and instructive sugges- 
tions, we have failed in our mission. 

FOX HUNTING: 

The fox hunter is held hy many to be the most demo- 
cratic of all outdoorsmen, for is not fox hunting the most 
democratic of all sports ? 

When fox hunters assemble for the royal chase, all 
caste and social distinction is thrown aside, and each man 
is judged by his fellows solely on his merits as a sportsman. 



142 



THE AXGLEK .AXD HUNTSMAN 



Tims, tiic "fox liuiitiii.^" fraternity," as they like best 
to be called, is in reality nothing less than the brotlierhood 
of universal fellowship, bronght about by the democratic 
sport — fox hunting. 

The sontliern ])oi'ti(ni of the United States claims credit 
for introducing this grand sport into America. They claim 



■\ 




TAREV." No. 270L'8 B. G. S. B. (BY TOBE-LADY), THE MOST SEN- 
SATIONAL WINNING FOX HOUND, WINNING EVERY TIME 
ENTERED IN THREE YEARS, 1916-17-lS. 



that for a long time it was strictly a southern sport, having 
been introduced into this country from England about the 
year 1650, when the English colonists l)rought foxhounds 
to Virginia and Maryland. 

We have read somewhere that in England a pack (^f 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 143 

foxhounds, consisting of from twenty-f i^^e to forty pairs, is 
maintained either by the neighborhood or else by rich indi- 
viduals. In this country, as a usual thing, each hunter owns 
his own pack of hounds. 

Before the Civil A^^ar, we are told, fox hunting in the 
South was much more popular than now, but this is not 
meant to convey the idea that the royal chase is not still 
much in vogue, for there are many more hunters now than 
then, due to the increase in population, as well as to the 
world war, which has learned men to live the simple outdoor 
life and returned them to America, from which they sailed 
to whip the Hun, full-fledged, unadulterated Sportsmen. 
When we speak of the popularity of the chase prior to the 
Civil War, therefore, wt speak merely in terms of com- 
])arison. • 

Prior to the Civil War, the hounds in use Avere the old 
black and tan descendants of the ancient Talbot hounds, 
whose pedigreed record ma}' be traced back into the ages for 
more than two thousand years. These hounds had the fa- 
cility to trace a cold trail with perfect ease, and, possessing 
enormous muzzles, they bellowed forth a voluminous cry 
when in pursuit of their quarry. Again, they had very re- 
markable endurance and staying qualities, two requisites 
that must be present in the make-up of the ideal foxhound. 
These dogs, we are told, were accustomed to chases of great 
length after the fleet gray fox, a fox found commonly 
throughout the South. In Maryland the English foxhound 
was crossed with the Irish stag hound, producing hounds of 
greater speed and more excellent quality than those used up 
to that time. This cross was made because of the difficult 
conditions in that State, a dog being desired that would 
make a catch in quicker time and not require 6 or 8 hours as 
did the Talbot descendants. Thus the first step in the im- 
provement of the American foxhound took place, and sub- 
sequent crosses and improvements has produced the great- 
est foxhound the world has ever known. 



144 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

In the year 1738, the English eoh)nists became dissat- 
isfied with the common gray fox, and so they imported the 
red fox from the mother country — England, li1)erating it 
along- th(^ shores of Chesapeake Bay. The red fox has a 
habit of making- great circles when being pursued, wdiile the 
gray fox seeks to elude capture by dodges and doubles. 

JVIany sportsmen have taken it upon themselves to im- 
prove the breed from time to time, hence we have various 
strains throughout the United States, but all are directly 
traceable to the hounds brought to this country b}^ the early 
settlers. 

To enumerate them, the July dogs, which w^ere origi- 
nated in Georgia, is a very popular strain ; 

The Birdsong hounds were introduced by George L. F. 
Birdsong, also a resident of Georgia, who was a noted fox 
hunter of his day; 

Col. Hay den C. Trigg, and the Walkers, by judicious 
crossing and careful breeding, gave to the fox-hunting 
brotherhood the strains of fox hounds bearing their respec- 
tive names. 

To-day, each strain of the American foxhound has its 
ardent admirers, and it would be suicidal for me to attempt 
to state wdiicli strain is superior, even did I possess that 
knowledge, which I think no man does really possess, for all 
have their merits and are the result of generations of pains- 
taking breeding, and none of them appear to have any faults 
worth mentioning, no more than any species of dog, as a 
whole, is faulty. Of course, we recognize the fact that there 
are good, bad, and indifferent individuals in nearly all 
breeds, with the possible exception of the Airedale, a breiMl 
wdiich some say possess uniform quality and merit. We will 
not attempt to dispute that claim, for we have never seen a 
bad Airedale terrier. 

The modern American foxhound undeniably possesses 
more skill, speed, endurance, staying qualities, and individ- 
ual merit than any other strain of fox hound yet produced. 



THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 



145 



That is taking in quite a lot of territory, but it is quite the 
truth. To these pioneer breeders belongs the glory and 
thanks of every fox-hunting enthusiast for all time. Let 
us keep fragrant their undying memory, for they have done 
moie f(tr the uplift of the sport within a short span of years 
than all their forebears accomplished throughout history. 




••THK }'ERFE("T WALKER" FOX HOUNDS. 
DOLLY AND SHERMAN. 

Winners of the Georgia State Meet of 1918. Now the property of T. S. Cobb, bred 
and sold bv Blue Grass Farm Kennel-s, Berry, Ky. 



The Chase: 

The chase was instituted in the old country, where even 
Royalty was wont to ride to the baying hounds in pursuit of 
the wily fox. It was essentially a sport in the mother coun- 
try in which the well-to-do classes and the nobility partici- 
pated. To be an ardent lover of the chase — a meml)er of the 
fox-hunting fraternity — was to tell the world that you were 



146 THE AX(iLKH AND H T^NTSMAN 

a man of lionor and lii^li standing" anions men. It was a 
si.iiii of nol)l(', or hii;li l)r('('dini>'. Sncli was the opinion of 
tlic chase across the sea. 

But in denioeratie, free America, when tlie chase was 
instituted In* the early coh)nists, they saw U) it tliat no race, 
no creed, and no caste sliould claim superiority over their 
common fellowman, for of all thin,i>s the o})i)ressed emi- 
grants from England detested it was these things they hated 
most, and which they had braved the stormy deep to escape. 
So it was, that the fox hunting sport in America got a demo- 
cratic start, and it has remained such on down to this time, 
we are indeed thankful to say. 

Perhaps the uninitiated would like for me to describe 
a typical fox hunt. As nothing would give me more pleas- 
ure, being an ardent lover of this sport, I will do so. Those 
.ilready members of the craft may also find some pleasure 
and some food for thought in the brief description of the 
chase given below: 

As this is to be a southern chase, the assembled fox 
hunters, riding their favorite mounts, carry no weapons. 
Nothing more harmful than a riding whi^j is in evidence. 

A sudden wind from the North the previous night 
brought a light fall of snow, for snow is quite common in 
winter in thr^ Blue Grass region of Kentucky. Indeed, quite 
f'requtaitly during the winter months they have snows there 
as deep as three feet, but more frequently the snowfall is 
much lighter than that, prol)al)ly a half-foot l)eing the cus- 
tomary depth. 

But this was the first snow of the season, early in De- 
ceml)er, and, as I have said l)efore, it was a light snow. 
Still, it was a rather moist one, as most snows are this far 
South, and during the night had ])acked down well, so that 
when a bright day da\\'ne(l Old Sol looked down upon a 
world covered by the dazzling white sheen precipitated from 
the clouds at the Master's bidding. It was indeed a scene of 
beaut v! Nature had fairlv outdone herself in thus setting 



THK AX(JLK1{ AND HIXTSMAN 147 

the scene for one of the greatest fox hunts that had taken 
place in the annals of local history. 

The ]\I aster of Honnds quickly called the sportsmen 
about him to explain to them what was expected of each, for 
to play the fox hunting game as it should l^e played they 
must have rules and regulations to go by, the violation of 
which would ])e placed against the record of the hunter or 
his hounds, depending only upon whom was at fault. And 
thus when the scores of the different dogs were totaled up, 
demerits slimdd be credited to those who, unluckily, had 
earned them, while the merits, of course, were placed to the 
credit of hounds or hunter acting within the prescribed fra- 
ternal law. 




^IUK:)Tl^•^; rocket Xo. siooe b. g. 

F :-i A >: K - A X X IE W" A I> K K R . 



And so, with fox hunting, it is much the same in technic 
as the rules laid down for other outdoor games ; for instance, 
baseball, Avliich has what they call "ground rules." Of 
course, it takes a radically different set of rules for fox 
hunting, but they are i-ules just the same. But here is the 
greatest difference. In baseball, there often arises con- 



148 THK AX(iLKH AND HL'NTSMAX 

t(^nti(ius arguiiieiit witli tlic umpiros over the rules, and fre- 
((ueiitly we hear of an umpire l)eini>' run off the field, the 
playeis of one side or the other having rebelled against his 
(leeision and refused to abide by it. Not so in the rules of 
fox huntiug. KuU's in this game are but a matter of form, 
for all obey the law — a law born and bred in the natural ])orn 
fox hunter, a law emlxxlying tlie essence of true sportsman- 
ship, without whieh there eould ])e no denioerac}' for man, 
and without that thcu'e could be no government for, by, and 
of the people. Hence this spirit of sportsmanship ])er- 
meates the ver}^ structure of our great Nation. Without it 
we could not be a free people. A King or a Kaiser would 
rule oxev us and we would be but mere shwes. 

The Master of Hounds at length gave the signal that 
opened the chase. Each hunter unleashed his eager dogs, 
and, with glad cries, that rang out shrill and clear on the 
frosty morning air, the entire pack jjounded off together in 
search of the spoor of the fox. 

A thirty minutes hunt brought the desired results. 
''Bugle Boy," announcing in a bell-toned voice the fact that 
he had found the scent or spoor of the fox. Presently, the 
balance of the pack, one by one, took up the trail until they 
had all found it and were mouthing a happy chorus all to- 
gether as the}^ disappeared from the view of the hunters over 
the brow of the hill. 

Swift horses are needed iov this work, and swift liorses 
did these hunters possess. So, with whip and spur geiitly 
apx)lied, soon they again came in sight of the chase when 
the_y reached the hilltop. 

The Master of Hounds reined in his (4iarger, hastily 
took from his satchel that was strapped over one shoulder 
his field-glass, quickly adjusted it to his optics and scanned 
all the surrouncling coujitry from his point of vantage, try- 
ing to locate the whereabouts of Br'er Fox. 

He watched the dogs as they noisily sped across the 
wide vallev toward the distant hills, and he surmised that 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 149 

the fox was very wisely leading them to higher, dryer 
ground. It was an old head ; a fox with a head full of ca- 
pricious pranks and cute tricks. Locjked like it Avas going 
to be a hard run, and he thus confided his view to his fel- 
lows, who by this time had all drawn I'ein and were viewing 
tlie chase through their own glasses. Must be one of those 
old reds, they all concluded, and, replacing field glasses in 
their receptacles, spur and whip were simultaneously ap- 
plied and with a ''Giddap," shouted in unison, the eager 
party of hunters were again on their way, whither they knew 
or cared not, nor for how long they would require to bring 
Mr. Fox to bay or capture. 

The frisky Kentucky saddle-horses seemed quite as ea- 
ger for the chase as did either the Inuiters or the dogs. 
Some of them were "feeling their oats" it seemed, for they 
were buck- jumping and doing all sorts of fancy stunts, but 
when they came to a rail-fence, which is the usual kind of 
fence encountered in the Blue Grass State, they always 
hurdled same neatly and gracefully, without touching the 
top rail in every case, no matter how high, and when sternly 
rebuked by the rider they settled doAvn like a bird-dog on 
point, only kept moA^ng. And AAdien I say moAdng, it is the 
intention to suggest sjDeed, for these horses have speed to 
burn. Fact is, as not a fcAv of my readers, I trust, already 
know, the Kentucky saddle horse is a marvel for speed, en- 
durance, and staying qualities, just like the foxhounds 
many of you noAV OAvn and take pride in exhibiting before 
your friends on any and all occasions that present them- 
selves. 

On and on Avent the dogs, giA^ing tongue at CA^ery leap 
and bound. On the still, cold morning air rang out the 
lung-drawn, deep, lieaAw A'oice of old "Sailor," that old bat- 
tle-scarred hound that had proA^en his Avorth many a time in 
a fight to the finish Avith a big fox at the end of a day 's 
chase. It Avas oft the anticipation of such a finish with old 
"Sailor" in at the Avindup of the chase that goaded and en- 



150 THE AXGLKH AND HTX'I'SMAX 

C'oiiraged the riders on, and on, and still on — oxer wcarx' 
miles, after Reynard had run elear out of the couuti-y, \n{- 
ting his endurance against that of the dogs and the hunters. 
In such cases, the sportsmen knew that if they stayed on to 
the finish they would he amply rewarded hy witnessing the 
mighty couil)at hetween the wily fox and Sailor. So this 
old champion of the chase was a favorite^ hero. But not all 
the h(morshelonged to him, tV)r there was the strident, shrill, 
high-pitched voice of "Lady Gay," than which there Avas no 
dog with more fox sense or with four fleeter legs. It was 
her we distinctly made out, and others, too, could easily be 
recognized. Old "Tohe'"' could he heard mouthing in a 
squalling voice; "Barney" Avas giving vent to his feelings 
by quick, short howls; Old "Bally," was tongueing on track 
with a voice delightful to the ear of the fox-hunter, and al- 
together, — the high staccatos, and deep heavy bassos — the 
chorus was blended into perfect haruK^ny, just as though a 
nmsical director was there and guiding them, so harmouious 
and beautiful did the melody sound that morning. 

Presently, the dogs entered the hills to the east, and, 
galloping swiftly across the open valley, the huntsmen were 
■soon entering the hills also. 

The fox was, sure enough, leading them to higher 
ground . Once on the ridge, he began playing tricks on his 
pursuers by doubling back on his trail, then scampering off 
in a new direction. But those veteran dogs were not to be 
fooled. Of course, for a little while, a prank would bother 
them somewhat, l)ut soon they'd pick up the scent spoor 
again and contiime the pursuit. With our glasses, once we 
had gained the ridg(% the dircn-tion the fox Avas heading was 
discovered, and all hands knew whither he was traveling — 
lie Avas making for the den, the location of which every mem- 
ber of the party was aware of, so, in order to kee}) Heynard 
from attaining his o])ject, the blaster of Hounds connuandcd 
all to ride innnediately to the den and there await the fox's 
api)roach, which wctuld luwe the effect of kee|)ing him goiuu' 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 151 

Oil to a more distant refuse, as this was the only den in the 
vicinity, thus giving the eager dogs a chance, well deserved, 
to capture their wily quarry in the meantime before he could 
attain a second haven of safety. 

We Avere assured by his actions now that he was about 
all in, as otherwise he would not wish to take to earth, but 
would keep on running, for the fox usually seems to enjoy 
a race equally as much as the hunters and hounds, if not too 
eloseh^ pressed. 




■ASTRONOMB-R' No. 2S:il B. G. S. B.. By FRANK-ANNIE 

WALKER, IS THE SENSATIONAL WINNING 

FOX HOUND OF 191G-17-1.S. 

In twenty minutes the baying of the dogs came faintly 
to us, and in a few short minutes Reynard was seen ap- 
proaching the den where we stood guard to bar his entrance. 
His tongue was hanging out and he was casting fearful, 
furtive glances behind him. The dogs were indeed giving 
him a run for his money, as the saying goes. Presently, 
he discovered the party of hunters, and, with a look of hate 
on his face, he veered his course sharply to the left in order 
to avoid them, but this was a fatal step — Old "Sailor" 
caught him as he turned and together they rolled over and 
(»ver on the 2,round, the momentum at which })oth were go- 



152 , THE ANGLEK AXl) HUNTSMAN 

iiig causing tliom to bowl over; tlio fox regained liis feet, 
paused for one breathless moment, tlien rushed headlong 
into the whole pack, facing death with a courage unexcelled 
by man or beast. 

Thus ended the day's sport, each hunter lamenting that 
a fox so braA'e, so courageous, so fleet as this old red, had 
but one life to live for the enjo,yment of the fox hunting 
fraternity. 

We could doubtless record many and varied hunts, and 
probably another writer could record better ones, but the one 
given above, we think, embodies the typical southern fox 
hunt, than which there is no more entrancing and soul-lift- 
ing sport this side of Eternity and High Heaven. 

In the North, they have fox hunts too, and they are in 
nearly all respects just like those had in the KSouth, only in 
the North the hunters ver_y frequently take along a gun and 
shoot the fox Avhenever the dogs bring him within range. 

The Coon Hound: 

The coon hound is not a recognized breed, but should be. 
Are all the years and generations of patient breeding 
by coon hound enthusiasts to amount to nought ? We sor- 
rowfully admit the truth — the coon hound 1)reeder 's efforts 
have, so far, been in vain. We mean in vain, so far as glory 
and honor are concerned; in vain, if these veteran coon 
hound breeders are looking for mere applause and nothing 
else. But happily, they are not looking for these empty 
honors ; they did not start out to establish a breed of dogs, 
but to adapt already existing breeds to coon-chasing; this 
they have gloriously accomplished, and the only reward 
they expected or asked is that they be allowed to hunt coons 
witii the dogs they have ])roduced after years of toil by care- 
ful crossing and careful handling. 

There is a widespread difference of opinion among dog 
men as to the origin of the coon hound, some maintaining 
even that the coon hoimd constitutes a distinct breed, while 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 158 

others swear hy the great horn spoon that the coon honnd is 
nothing more than a fox hound trained on coons, and cite 
us to the fact that it was the fox hound (and not the coon 
hound) that was hrought over to this country from across 
the seas to chase Br'er Fox, intimating that some of those 
brought over were found no account for that sly animal and 
just naturally were used for coon as a last resort. This is 
probably the truth, for it is a matter of record that the fox 
hound was introduced into this country, whereas there is no 
I'ecord of the coon hound ever having been introduced. 
Therefore, as the fox hoiuid and the coon hound vary but lit- 
tle in general appearance (the fox hound only possessing 
more racey and graceful lines), it is natural to suppose that 
the coon hound as constituted to-day is nothing more or less 
than a fox hound, trained on coon. I cannot see any reason 
in this fact whv coon hound fanciers should object, as the 
fox hound is as worthy a forbear as any dog on earth should 
wish to have. 

It would be just as reasonable to say that the rabbit 
hound is a distinct breed of dogs, as it would to say that the 
coon hound is a distinct breed of dogs. In the opinion of 
the writer, neither w^ould be stating the fact, for even as the 
rabbit hound comes from the fox hound stock, so does the 
coon hound come from the fox hound stock, and we defy all 
dog fanciers and others to show us our mistake. Of course, 
in a certain sense the coon hound is a distinct breed, for it 
will chase nothing but coon, even as the thoroughly trained 
]'abbit dog will chase nothing but rabbit. Of course a coon 
hound may chase an opossum, but this little nocturnal fellow 
is so much like the coon, we judge the scent is almost iden- 
tical. Some coon hounds will chase any kind of varmint; 
they usually call these varmint dogs. Others, more thor- 
oughly trained, will run nothing but coon or opossum. On 
the other hand, a fox hound will sometimes run a rabbit, but 
a thoroughly trained fox hound is supposed to run nothing 
but a fox. 



154 



THK AXGLKK AND HTXTSMAX 



T\\v doii,', no inattci' wliat his In'eed or strain may chaiifc 
to be, is nothing more than' a creature of enAir(mment, as are 
all other creatures, whether they be animal or human beings. 
The nature of the country in which they live and the nature 
(»f the food they must necessarily live upon dictate their 
charact(^ristics. If the hound lives in a country wherein 
rabbits are plentiful and there is an absence of i)ractically 
all other game for food, the hound Avill take naturally to 
running rabbits; if the hound lives in a couiitry infested by 




THE PERFECT COoX H(_)L"XD. 



foxes, other game being practically absent, that hound will 
certainly chase foxes; if that hound lived in a land whei'ein 
only coon furnished a means of satisfying his hunger, Ave do 
not doubt that he would rmi coon. This is environment. 

We belieA^e that if a setter or pointer lived in a land un- 
inhabitated by Inrds or fowl of any description, that dog 
would eventually take to stalking or chasing the particular 
kind. of game to be found there, whether it be c(K)n, fox, 
S(|uirrel, rabbit or whatnot. The first law of nature— the 



TriE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 155 

law of self-preservation — would dictate to that dog the idea 
that if he would sustain life he must satisfy his hun^-er ])V 
chasnig- or stalking whatever game he could find, no matter 
what kind of game it chanced to ])e. And so the dog is 
strictly a creature of environment, as is every other living 
creature. We do not doubt that if away l)ack there in the 
ages of long ago the setter or pointer had lived in a country 
VN'lK^re there were no birds, he would have become whatever 
kind of dog the game in the region compelled him to be, and 
we think it is just a matter of accident that the hound will 
chase the fox, that the setter and pointer will just x^oint a 
covey of birds, or that a pit bull will not hunt at all, but just 
fight. Why is it that the pit bull will not hunt? Simply 
because he has never had occasion to lumt game for food. 
Usually he is the pet — the house dog — or watch-dog, and liis 
mission (and he fulfills it well) is n(>t to leave the yard, but 
to bar the approach of all starngers and undesirables. 

COON HUNTING: 

Gang around, boys ! For here is a sport Worthy your 
attention. The scent of the coon is identical to that of his 
big brother — the heav — hence a good coon dog works well on 
bear, and a good bear dog, likewise, works efficiently on 
coon. 

The coon is a masterful fisherman, hence he is usually 
found living in close j^roximity to streams. 

For trailing his ring-tailed majesty, give me a mixed 
pack, part still-trailers (Airedale terriers preferred) and 
some good old-fashioned coon-hounds. The reason I sug- 
gest Airedales to run with hounds is because they are great- 
er fighters, while the hound possesses the coldest nose, that 
is, the most ability to track a cold trail. Together, this 
sort of a pack is invincible and will put any old coon up a 
tree in short order. 

In the North, most hunters hunt the coon hy day and 
witli a shotgun, with which the raccoon is shot from the tree 
tlie minute the doa"s tree it. 



156 THE AXGLEK AND HUNTSMAX 

111 the South, the usual practice is to hinit by night, witli 
a lanteru aud an axe, and, of course, a good pack of (h)gs. 
Tlie lantern is used to "shine" the coon's eyes. That is, at- 
tract his attention, and when he turns his face toward the 
hunter his eyes may l:>e seen, as they look like balls of fire 
after dark. Thus one is able to find out if the coon is in the 
tree, already indicated by the dogs l^arking at bay. The axe 
of course, is used to hew the tree down, if other means fail to 
induce the coon to come down and introduce himself to the 
waiting dogs. 

Sometimes a venturesome hunter deigns to climb the 
tree wherein his majesty sits. Sometimes the luuiter suc- 
cessfully performs the job, and sometimes the coon resents 
the intrusion into his leafy domain, and a ])attle between 
man and mammal follows, in which the man usually receives 
enough scratches, cuts and gashes from the claws and teeth 
of his adversary to make him ever after respect the raccoon. 
If, perchance, the man succeeds in ejecting the ring-tailed 
"monster" to the ground, the waiting dogs will find to their 
sorrow that they have something in the nature of a fight-to- 
the-f inish on their hands not altogether to be desired. Usu- 
ally, however, the dogs are present in such overwhelming 
numbers as to make the battle unequal and unfair. If the 
coon had only one dop to whip, we will not venture to pre- 
dict the outcome, but we have a sneaking notion that such a 
dog would remember ever afterward that encounter, provid- 
ing the coon was a full-gro\\n one and in go<xl fighting trim. 

RABBIT HUNTING: 

The little l)unch of animated fur, as some call the cot- 
tontail, or "Sylvilagus floridanus,'' is one of our most 
widely distributed and most unportant small game mam- 
mals. Perhaps every American is familiar with this f<>rm 
of rabbit, because they are so numerous within our l)orders. 
If not familiar with this form, then you are acquainted with 
some of the cottontairs relatives, since in one species or 



THE ANGLER AND HI XTSMAX 157 

aiiotlier they range from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast 
and from the southern l:)order of Canada south through our 
country on down through Central and South America to 
Argentina. They are not at all particular ahout the kind of 
country they inhahit, being found in all sorts of localities 
and in the different climes. 

The juni(n' hunter, especially, delights to go out and 
enjoy a rabbit chase with his favorite dog, be it hound, non- 
descript, or Airedale terrier. Or, having no dog, he loves to 
track the cottontail in the snow, which, while having the dis- 
advantage of being somewhat tedious, is a very exhilarating- 
form of outdoor exercise and sport. I don't think, how- 
ever, that the average junior is half so anxious for the exer- 
cise as he 'is for the sport. 

The ideal hunting dog for this game is a foxhound trained 
on rabbits, thus you get the speed necessary to bring the rab- 
bit around to you (they nearly always run in a circle when 
pursued by hounds) and within giuirange, and not only do 
you get speed, but you get a dog with a head full of sense, up 
to all the tricks, hereditarily, that the average foxhound 
i:)ossesses. 

The' Airedale terrier may be trained specially for this 
work with more or less success, but for me, giA^e me the fox- 
hound trained on this game, for ])est results. The beagle 
hoimd is also a good rabbit dog. 

In habits, the rabbit family is mainly nocturnal, sleep- 
ing l)v day and doing most of their traveling by night. This 
characteristic makes it essential to have a good dog to hunt 
them out of their retreats in thickets, tall grasses, and brush 
in which they make ' ' forms ' ' wherein they sleep. 

"Br'er Rabbit," is one of our game animals that con- 
stitutes almost an institution (in a sense), because of the 
interest and place they have in our folklore and literature. 

Wherever shelter is absent in the form of a thin growth 
of vegetation or wherever brushy bushes are lacking, the cot- 
tontail usually occupy burrows in the ground. Sometimes 



158 ' THE ANGLKH AND HUNTSMAN 

tlicy utilize (Icscrtcd badger or prairie-dog dens, but fre- 
quently they dig tliem for tlieniselves under rocks and other 
objects. Ofttinies they also make their lionie in the crevices 
of rock walls and rock fences. In fact upon occasion they 
will make their nests most anywhere a likely spot may be 
found. They have to do this to maintain preservation of 
life, which is the first law of all nature. Increased culti- 
vation of farm lands is the most serious stuml)ling-l)lock to 
their rapid increase, and, as it is, they seem to be holding 
iheir own in most every conununity, and in quite a few lo- 
calities they have even become so numerous as to be termed a 
imisance by a certain class of folks, who, while well-meanirig, 
are not exactly nature-lovers. 

Granting that it is true they do some damage to growing 
gardens, this fact does not justify their extermination, since 
their meat forms one of the important meat su])])lies 
whereby the human family subsist. The annual kill of rab- 
bits mounts up in value into thousands of dollars, ]»er- 
haps even into the millions, while the damage they do, com- 
paratively s])eaking, amounts to hardly anything. A^'e are 
for the ra))bits, first, last and all the time. 

The cottontail forms a target worthy the quick eye of 
the trained gunner, as it bobs up and down, leap by leap, and 
swift as a fleeting shadow. One must be ready to pull 
trigger the instant Br'er Rabbit is jumped by the dogs, or 
without dogs, as some hunters hunt them. If you are afraid 
of shooting the dog when the rabbit is first jumped, or if the 
rabbit gets up too far ahead and not within gun-shot, you 
will be free to take your time and aAvait the time when tli*' 
labbit circles, as he assuredly will. 

As a game animal tlie cottontail furnishes some of the 
most enjoyable and interesting s])ort to be had by American 
hunters. The zigzag, headlong rush of a cottontail for the 
nearest cover is replete Avith so much energetic action that it 
excites a pleasant thrill in the onlooker, and even the ''])ot- 
hunter'' must experience some (jualnis of the heart in kill- 
ing them. 



THE ANGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 159 

They are also snared and trapped, but the true sports- 
uian abhors tlie often prolonged suffering of the annual 
kingdom necessitated by their use, desiring to use the most 
humane manner of dispatching them possible, that of fire- 
arms. 

OTHER SPECIES OF RABBITS AND HARES: 

Antelope Jack Rabbit (Lepus alleni) : 

This jack rabbit, sometimes called the Allen jack rab- 
bit, is larger than the common western jack rabbit, and has 
very large ears, long, slender legs, and short tail. They are 
found in limited areas on the southern border of the United 
States, particularly in southwestern New Mexico, and in 
southwestern Arizona. The rabbits of each area, however, 
differ someAvhat. 

California Jack Rabbit (Lepus calif ornicus) : 

This species is one of the best known species among the 
jack rabbits of the Western States. It has long ears, tipped 
with black, a long, thin neck, long legs, and has grayish sides. 

The Varying Hares (Lepus americanus) : 

These hares are better known, perhaps, as snowshoe or 
white rabbits. They become white in winter and change to 
dusky or brownish in summer. Nature indeed sees that 
they are clothed in harmony with their surroundings, thus 
making them invisible, well-nigh, both in the snowy winter 
season and in the early sunnner and autumn. 

The Arctic Hare (Lepus arcticus) : 

This species is about the size of the large jack rabbits, 
but have heavier bodies, with much shorter ears, and short, 
sturdy legs. In the southern part of their range they have 
a dull iron gray color in summer, but in the northernmost 
part of their range their coat remains white throughout the 
vear. 



160 THE AXCJEKK AND HUNTSMAN 

The Marsh Eabbit (Sylvilagus palustris) : 

This species is «-i close relation to the cottontail, but is 
more heavily pr(f])()i'ti<)iie(l, has smaller ears, sliorter and 
more slender legs and feet, and shorter tail. The marsh 
rabbit and swamp raljbits have aquatic habits, and both live 
mainly in swamps, marslies, and alone;" streams. 

The swamp rabbit is a larger relative of the marsh ra])- 
bit and they are very numerous in certain wooded coastal 
regions of the South. 

SQUIRREL SHOOTING: 

Sportsmen have found this is an art that requires lots 
of vigilance, stealthy movement (where ino\'einent is re- 
quired), and a super-abundance of patience. 

To become a crack squirrel hunter, one must haunt the 
wooded places a great deal, become fully acquainted with 
and accustomed to the ways of the forest people: he must 
learn to walk easily on the dr,y leaves; learn to stalk your 
game, even as the great carnivores stalk their prey; in short 
3"ou must become a thoroughly trained woodsman. 

Woodcraft is a most entertaining and interesting sul)- 
ject — an entire book could not hope to cover the theme ade- 
quately — and it is a craft that the successful hunter ac- 
quires early in his career. Without the knowledge of wood- 
craft the huntsman confronts failure. We can think of no 
l^etter way of acquiring this art than 1)y friction — contact 
with nature. Go into the great forest, study, observe. Our 
forebears were masters at the art. Why? Because a liv- 
lihood depended upon their efforts to secure game for food. 
But now, necessity no longer urges us to ])econie acquainted 
with nature's storehouse, and it makes us none the better 
woodsmen. We are too prone nowndays, it seems, to take 
other people's advice — follow other men's directions — in- 



THE AXGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 161 

stead of delving into -the matter for ourselves to our best in- 
terests. 

Squirrel hunting was engaged in by our forefathers, 
and many of us still possess the old squirrel rifle that was 
the crowning climax in firearms in those early days. Even 
as I write I see standing in the corner nearby the rifle my 
folks used, and tho' it has no notches carved on it for "dead 
Indians," I'm quite sure if it could talk it could relate some 
interesting and thrilling tales. 

Some hunters use a twenty-two rifle for this work, but 
the majority prefer the shotgun. 

It takes a quick eye and a quick trigger finger to get 
one of these "streaks of greased lightning," as some call 
them. They are great jumpers, and if the hunter is not 
careful, they will leap to the ground, or from tree to tree 
and make good their escape. 

Still others himt squirrels with a dog and gun. Local 
conditions vary in different sections of the country in this, 
as in all other sports, therefore we must use our own judg- 
ment in these matters and adjust ourselves to these condi- 
tions as we find them. 

Not a few sportsmen prefer to hunt without dogs, as 
this method gives them an opportunity to stalk the game 
themselves, which they enjoy doing, while others would 
rather use dogs for the mere joy of seeing them perform, 
and no doubt there is still another class who think better 
results may be obtained by using one or more dogs. 

Whether the hunter walks great distances through the 
big woods, or sits nearby a big, towering tree, waiting the 
appearance of Mr. Squirrel, who he has good reason to sus- 
pect inhabits said tree, the sport is one that should commend 
itself to a larger percentage of our sportsmen, inasmuch as 
it offers splendid returns both in physical exercise and en- 
joyment, as well as a deeper knowledge in that all-absorbing- 
subject — woodcraft. 



162 THK AXCJLER AX!) HI'NTSMAX 

The Red Squirrel (Sciurus hudsonicus) : 

This little gent is best known to those who have visited 
the great woodland conntry of Canada and northeastern 
United States, and who have listened to their rollicking, 
(often impudent), chatter. This fellow is also known as 
the pine squirrel and chickaree, its chief characteristic be- 
ing its lack of shyness, which is present in all other species 
of the squirrel family. 

It builds nests of twigs, leaves, etc., lined inside with 
fibrous bark and other velvety material. 

Red squirrels do not hibernate, but are busy the entire 
year, excepting in the coldest weather. They provide for 
the cold dreary days, however, by laying in ample stores of 
nuts and cones, having been known to put away as many as 
ten bushels in one heap. Beechnuts also form one of their 
articles of diet. 

The worst trait the red squirrel possesses is his tlior- 
oughly proven habit of devouring the eggs and young of 
small birds. During the breeding season he spends much 
time in nest himting and no one can calculate the hami he 
does. 

The Douglas Squirrel (Sciurus douglasi): 

This squirrel is said to come from the same stock as the 
common red squirrel, which we have already described. Like 
the red squirrel, it likes best to reside amid the grat coni- 
ferous forests, and it is found from the Cascades and Sierra 
Nevada to the Pacific, and from British Columl)ia south to 
the San Pedro Martir Mountains of Lower California. 

In nearly all ways the}" are like the red squirrel. 

The Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) : 

This fellow is so well known to nearly all sportsmen as 
to hardly need an introduction or description, nevertheless, 
we don't want to slight him, as he is well worthy our atten- 



THE ANGLER AND HrNTSMAN 163 

tion, being one of the best game mammals that roams the 
forest. 

This is a North American species, having no near rela- 
tion in the Old World ; on the Pacific Coast, in the mountains 
of the Sonthwest, and also in Mexico there are other squir- 
rels with the same gray-colorecl bodies, but really are not 
closely related to. this species. 

Their barking and chattering noise and their graceful 
antics among the trees lend animation and color to our 
woodlands. 

Most if not all States have a closed season on squirrel, 
their niunbers having been so reduced as to make them no 
longer a menace. 

Gray and Pox squirrels (the latter of the species Sciu- 
rus niger) were favorite targets for our forefathers, and 
these mammals have much in common with our folklore and 
literature. Records show the shooting ability of these pio- 
neer marksmen, among them Daniel Boone, to "bark" a 
squirrel, which meant so to cut the bark of the branch on 
which the squirrel sat as to precipitate it to the ground stun- 
ned without hitting the animal. 

The gray squirrel is noted for its grace of movement, 
])eing able to move along the ground by curving leaps and 
bounds, and run through the tree-tops, leaping from branch 
to branch with an ease and assuredness beautiful to behold. 

Rusty Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger rufiventer) : 

Three species of tree squirrels are found in the varied 
forests of eastern North America. 

In hunting fox squirrels it is imperative to have along a 
dog, as otherwise they will discover your presence and run 
away before you can get within range, while a good dog will 
put them up a tree and hold them there until you approach. 

The right thing to do would be to abolish squirrel hunt- 
ing for a term of years and give them time to replenish their 
nimibers. 



164 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAX 

Other species are the Abert Squirrel (Sciurus aberti) ; 
the Kaibab Squirrel (Sciurus kaibabensis), Flying Squirrel, 
(Glaucomys volaus), etc. 

QUAIL SHOOTING: 

Perhaps (piail sliootiu*;- coustitutes our most popular 
form of sport, for the quail certainly is one of our best game 
birds, and its wide range makes it a favorite with a large 
part of our population. 

On account of their interesting habits and marvelous 
diversity of form and color, the quails of the United States 
are a very attractive group of game birds. They are all 
very handsome, but the most striking and l)eautiful species 
live on the Pacific Coast and in the Southwest. 

Within Columbia's gates we find seven species, only 
one of which is found in the eastern States, the remaining 
species being widely scattered from Texas to California and 
Oregon. Their range Avas, and is yet, continuous along the 
entire southern border of the country from ocean to ocean; 
but there is an irregular belt along the northern border and 
a large area in the interior, comprising the Gieat Plains, 
the northern three-fourths of the Great Basin, and the 
Eocky Mountains, in which they appear to have been orig- 
inally wanting. 

The quail's cheerful habits, their beauty, and their val- 
ue as food, has made them welcome, generally, on the farms 
throughout the country, but their real value to agriculture 
is not even yet fully appreciated. The Bob White species, 
especially, deserves some recognition for the great work 
they do annually in the interest of the farmer, as they de- 
stroy injurious insects and feed on injurious weeds to a 
great extent. 

This latter species — the Bol) White — is the greatest 
game bird of all seven varieties. Tliis is the only quail in- 
digenous to the eastern United States, where it ranges from 



I 



THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 165 

soutlierii NeAv England to Florida and Texas; but owing to 
climatic- influences the birds of Florida and Texas differ 
enough to be distinguished as geographic races. However, 
the Bob White, wherever it occurs has the same call and va- 
ries but little as to habits. A closely related bird, the mask- 
ed Bob White, inhabited southern Arizona until a few years 
ago. Owing to dry seasons and the overstocking of its home 
with cattle, this bird is now supposed to be extinct within 
our confines; but some probably exist in parts of Sonora, 
Mexico. 

The Bob White, although a very handsome bird indeed, 
is the plainest looker of the quail family, excepting the 
' ' cotton top ' ' or scaled quail of the deserts of southern Tex- 
as and Arizona, the latter being a slaty bluish color on its 
ujDper parts, wiiich are ornamented with large scale-like 
markings and has a whitish crest. 

The most bizarre and curious of all is the Mearns quail 
of the high broken plains and mountain slopes of southwes- 
tern Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona. It has a 
short, round body, like a little giiinea hen, and this superfi- 
cial likeness is heightened by brilliant round white spots or- 
namenting the dark sides. This bird is the gentlest of all 
the c[uails and is said to be so unsuspicious that when it en- 
counters one it often walks imconcernedly about or stands 
looking curiously at the newcomer, at which times it is not 
infrequently killed with a stick or stone, a characteristic 
which, among the people where it is found, has earned for 
it the name of "Fool Quail." 

Out in the southwestern desert is also found the Gambel 
Quail, ranging throughout the brushy foothills and the val- 
leys along watercourses. This is a beautiful member of the 
quail family, its head being handsomely marked and adorn- 
ed with a jet black recurving crest, the flanks being bright 
chestnut in color, brilliantly streaked with white. This 
quail forms one of the most pleasant and conspicuous varie- 
ties of desert life and is numerous wherever it can find suffi- 



166 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

cieiit food and water. Its presence contributes a touch of 
color and animation to the dreary monotony of many a lone- 
ly desert ranch. 

The California valley quail b(4on^s entirely to the Pa- 
cific Coast, and this is said to be tlie most beautiful of the 
smaller gallinacous birds of the entire world. In appear- 
ance it resembles the Gambel quail slightly, especially in its 
recurving black crest, and general appearance, but exceeds 
that bird in the richness of its colors and markings. 

Then there's the California mountain quail, which is the 
largest and one of the handsomest of this group, inha])iting 
the wooded moimtains of the Pacific Coast. In appearance 
it bears a superficial resemblance to the red-legged part- 
ridge of Europe, and like the Mearns quail, its haunts are 
usually more remote from cultivated lands than are those of 
the other species. 

The health and pleasure derived from the pursuit of 
quail has resulted in the investment of millions of dollars, 
both in hunting equipment and in the establishment of quail 
preserves in different parts of the countr}^ 

And so, it is with real pleasure that we write of the quail 
family and quail shooting, for no other class of hunting out- 
ranks this sport. 

When a covey of quail is flushed, they rise from the 
earth with an explosion so sudden and startling as to shock 
one unaccustomed to hunting them and even the old- 
timers experience some of the sudden thrill. 

Let us go afield! The crisp November air and the 
morning sun comlnnes in exhilarating effect upon the e-oul 
of the outer. The dogs are straining eagerly at leash for the 
sport ahead. The}^ know quite well what is in store for 
them — a day's hunt — and thus they impatiently tug and 
pull at their leads to get there. 

At length, we reach the hunting grounds, wdiich for 
miles in every direction consists of stubble-field and uncut 
clover, favorite Bob White haunts. 



THE ANGLER AXD HUXT8MAX 167 

We adjust our guus, the dogs are loosed, and everything 
is made ready to begin the hunt. 

The four dogs are experts — two of them being pointers 
and two setters. They have hunted these fields before — 
last season — hence we term them old veterans, which they 
are indeed, not only because of much service, but because of 
their tried and proven ability as bird dogs. We can depend 
upon their efforts to produce results, if there are any birds 
in the stubble-fields or clover-fields hereabout at all. 

They are slow and cautious workers, which are to be 
preferred by most hunters to the swift and harum-scariun 
sort that are liable to burst right into a covey of quail head- 
long and flush them all before the sjDortsmen can get within 
shooting distance. It is a strange commentary, however, 
that not a few hunters like just such dogs. Grenerally ner- 
vous men are tliese, who have not the patience to hunt slow- 
ly behind slow and painstaking dogs. 

Presently, the dogs make a stand. Blake's Sportzell, 
a setter of noble breeding, is on ]3oint — as steady and true 
as Gibralter's Rock — Topsy, a pointer of high standing, is 
backing. It is a picture fit for a king to gaze upon. We 
sigh for our kodak, unfortunately left behind. It is ever 
thus — just at the precise moment when the dogs are pulling 
off a stand that would look well in a frame hung on the wall 
of one's den, the camera was left at home. Cruel fate! 

My partner slowly approaches the dogs, commanding, 
"Steady!" This command w^as only a matter of form; no 
command of any kind was needed, for these dogs were 
thoroughly trained and knew their business quite as well as 
anybody. 

At the opportune moment, after we had taken up ad- 
vantageous positions for shooting, the birds were flushed, 
and, exploding like a trench mortar, or a Russian bomb, 
they left the earth for parts unknown. 

Bang! bang! bang! spoke our repeating shotguns, and 
six of the flock fell to rise no more. 



168 THE AXGLEK AND HL'NTSMAN 

Sportzell and Beauty broke into a race to get the birds, 
whieli they retrieved tenderly and eagerly. Thus we 
brought down our first birds of the season. 

The remaining portion of the covey had been seen to 
scatter, and we knew it would be of no avail to try to follow 
them. Birds of a scattered bevy are hard to find. Good 
authorities say that when they alight after they have been 
frightened, they remain quiet and compress their feathers to 
the body, which results in withholding the scent, and so it is 
wise before attempting to hunt them to give the covey time 
to reassemble and get over their fright, so the}^ won't lay so 
close to earth and withhold scent. 

Volumes have been written about birds, but the Bob 
White member of the bird family cannot receive too much 
attention. He is a worthy subject. I would that I were 
able to adequately portray the kindly feelings I have in 
writing to the credit and glory of the Bob White, the king of 
his race, and who is, in the opinion of many, the best bird 
tliat flies. He has brought more rest and recreation to the 
tired business man, more new life and vim to impatient and 
nervous humanity, than any other single agenc}^ of nature, 
and that is saying a great deal indeed, for Nature abounds 
in game worthy our attention and appreciation, to say the 
least. 

CALL NOTES OF THE QUAIL: 

The nuptial call note in the field of the cockbird is an in- 
fallible guide to its identity, but this familiar challenge, 
which sounds to the sportsman like "Bob White," ''Bob- 
Bob-White," and to the farmer like "more wet," or "no 
more wet," is by no means the only note of the species dur- 
ing the breeding season. 

The observer will probably hear the cock whistling 
"Bob White!" and as he still calls, approaches the nest. 
When within perhaps fifty yards of his mate he utters the 
ralh' note, so tlirilling to the sportsman's ear, "ka-loi-kee," 



THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 169 

which the hen often answers with a single clear whistle. 
Then perhaps follows a series of queer responsive caterwan- 
lings, more unbirdlike than those of the yellow-breasted 
chat, suggesting the call of a cat to its kittens, or the scold- 
ing of a caged gray squirrel, or, again, the alarm notes of a 
mother grouse blended with the strident call like that of a 
guinea hen. Sometimes, as a finale, comes loud rasping- 
noises, not unlike the effort of a poor broken-voiced whip- 
poorwill. Their favorite calling stations seem to be rail 
fences at a height of from five to ten feet, and the limbs of 
trees along fence rows. They have been known to whistle 
from trees, thirty-five feet from the ground. After the 
breeding season the quail quits using this characteristic 
call. At other times the hen will answer thusly: ''Whoil- 
kee," but this note is usually only used when a bevy has 
been scattered, and is sounded, generally, in the late after- 
noon as a get-together-for-the-night signal. 

We cannot refrain, before closing this chapter describ- 
ing the quail family and quail shooting, to implore better 
care of our fast-declining quail supply, and particularly the 
Bob A^^iite supply. In man}^ places they are suffering ruth- 
less extermination by law-breakers, and also by reason of 
severe winter weather. 

The least the sportsmen of America should do is to hale 
these ^'poachers" before a Court, and as to the weather, why 
not put out a little grain for the starAdng birds to eat after 
heavy sleets and snows'? It would be not only humane, but 
for the good of the sport. 

OTHER GAME BIRDS: 

Woodcock Shooting: 

This form of sport has hitherto been a favorite with a 
great many gunners, for be it known among all men that 
"Philohela minor" is a game target that, in their fast and 
erratic flight, requires a quick eye and a clear head. 



170 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

They bre(3d tlirougliout tlie eastern part of the United 
States, as well as in the neighboring Canadian Provinces, 
and spend the winter principally in the southeast of this 
country. This upland game l)ird is nocturnal in habit, 
feeding at night in swamps, along small streams, and ponds, 
where the long bill they possess comes in handy in their 
search for food. 

Of late years, their numbers have rapidly decreased, 
necessitating strict conservation laws. It would indeed be 
a pity to see them utterly exterminated, as they are a game 
bird held in high esteem by all sp<n*tsmen. 

Wilson Snipe: 

The Wilson Snipe is found over nearly the whole of 
North America, and, being a dweller of thickets and 
marshes, its pursuit readily appeals to the true sportsman, 
and so sudden, rapid, and irregular is its flight that it re- 
quires the highest skill of the marksman to bring one down. 

Upland Plover: 

This is another of our fine game birds. Its scientific 
designation is "Bartramia longicauda." Like the wood- 
cock, the plover is another of our best game birds that within 
recent years have had their numbers dangerously depleted, 
largely due to spring shooting. The protective measures 
and closed seasons came too late, it is feared, to save them 
from total extinction. 

King Rail (Rallus elegans) : 

These birds inhabit fresh-water marshes, generally 
speaking, throughout the eastern part of North America. 
In habits, they are very timid, keeping well under cover in 
the tall grasses of the marsh, doing most of their feeding 
by night. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 171 

It is exceedingly difficult to flush them without the 
aid of a dog, which, therefore, is an asset in their pursuit 
the hunter cannot afford to be without. 

Once flushed, the rail family are dead easy targets, be- 
ing very slow of wing, and able to fly only a short distance. 
The worst shot in the world should have no trouble in get- 
ting his share of them. 

There are several kinds of lesser rails, including Clap- 
per Rails, California Clapper Rails, Carolina Rails, Vir- 
ginia Rails, Yellow Rails and Black Rails. 

Ruffed Grouse: (Bonasa umbellus umbellus). 

This splendid game bird is classed hy a great many 
sportsmen as America's most popular game target that 
flies. The family embraces several strains, but the ruffed 
grouse is the recognized leader of them all. They are found 
in wooded country, usually, and it requires a quick eye and 
a steady nerve to bring them down, as they rise with a thun- 
derous roar and rush that often "gets the goat" of the nov- 
ice. These birds are found throughout tlie northern half 
of the United States and in the southern half of Canada, in 
wooded cover. 

Who has not heard Mr. Grouse drumming on a log in 
springtime, which is a sure sign the warm days of spring are 
with us once again '? This remarkable bird is beloved of all 
sportsmen, and we regret to see their numbers decimated as 
they have douljtless been in recent years. It is a game bird 
that adds a touch of spirited life to many a lonely glade 
and glen. 

in hunting grouse a good dog — Setter or Pointer — is in- 
dispensable. A careful, slow-working, steady dog, staunch 
on point, is required. 

Prairie Chicken, "Tympanuchus americanus": 

Prairie chickens lie well to the dog, and are usually 
found in open, easily traveled country. It is useless to try 



.172 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

to hunt them without having along one or more good, thor- 
oughly trained dogs, either Setter or Pointer. While there 
is a deal of sport in their pursuit and capture, they are not 
as diffieult to Aving as the ruffled grouse. 

Sage Hen, (Centrocerus urophasianus) : 

This is the largest member of the American grous(% 
weighing as high as eight pounds, and is found in the west- 
ern jiortion of North America. They inhabit the Grreat Ba- 
sin and arid planes of the region wherein found. Their name 
itself suggests the nature of their cover — the sage l)rush. 
They not only use this sage as cover, but feed upon its leaves, 
which lends to their flesh a disagreeable taste. Owing to 
the fact that they are easy marks, on account of their large 
size, for the gunner, they are becoming scarcer and scarcer, 
and are retreating to places not yet habited by man, whom 
they try to shun. 

Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) : 

The wild turkey is not only the largest American game 
bird, but it is a bird that claims attention from a great army 
of sportsmen. In by-gone days wild turkey hunting was 
one of the chief pursuits afield engaged in by a large num- 
ber of hunters, but now, owing to its size, which made it a 
comparatively easy mark for the gunner, its numbers have 
been greatly decimated. 

The method usually employed in their capture consists 
in trailing or calling them. They have keen optics, and are 
fleet both on land and in the .air. 

If not molested by man for a few years, and if their 
natural cover was not usurped by agriculture entireh% they 
would probably again become a common and profitable 
game bird. 

The turkey has many champions Avho assert that it 
should replace the eagle as our national bird. Truly it has 
all the virtues and none of the vices that the terrible eagle 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 173 

does possess, aud there is, therefore, not a little sound com- 
mon sense in this argument. 

At Thanksgiving dinner the repast would hardly be 
complete without the big roasted turkey occupying the cen- 
ter of the table, and drawing to its delicious carcass the con- 
centrated attention of all eyes. While the domesticated 
cousin of the wild turkey is delicious, it has not the gamey 
taste that distinguishes all wild fowl. 

DUCK AND GOOSE SHOOTING: 

This sport is a favorite with a large and ever-increas- 
ing mnnber of American hunters. In the art of duck and 
goose shooting patience is as much a virtue as it is to the 
angler, for it takes great patience indeed to lie and wait 
for returning ducks or geese in a l^lind on a cold, raw day. 
But there is pleasure to be had in this sport more than off- 
setting any minor inconveniences, say duck and goose 
enthusiasts. 

The lakes, rivers, streams, ponds and marshes of 
America offer water-fowl a veritable paradise for a home, 
and they seemingly realize the excellent quality of the food 
and the cover our wild celery and wild rice marshes afford 
them, for they continue annually to visit our shores in great 
lunnbers. 

Wild waterfoAvl are distributed practically all over 
the entire world, and from time immemorial ducks and 
geese have been held in high esteem by mankind, everywhere 
being eagerly sought after for sport and for food. 

Their food value needs no mention. They are noted 
for the fine flavor and richness of their flesh — most species 
— ^and are an article of diet to grace a king's table. Neither 
does their beauty need emphasis, other than the opportunity 
to look admiringly upon them as they soar majestically in 
great flocks toward or from their breeding grounds, or to 
and from their feeding places. They lend a charm of life 
and animation to the otherwise desolate x^ouds and lakes, 



174 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

and they doubtless are of great value to agriculture, as most 
seed-eating birds are. But great tliough all the other rea- 
sons for desiring their presence may be, there is the crown- 
ing reason in the fact that tired and worn-out humanity 
can, by the exhilarating sport they afford, aUeviate, or at 
least offset some of the nervous strain to wliich tlie a\'erage 
business man of this age is subject. 

The flesh of wild fowl constituted an important item of 
diet in the larder of the aborigines of this country, who, by 
means of the bow and arrow we have already described, and 
also by the use of numerous other devices, nets and traps, 
succeeded in obtaining them in considerable numbers, es- 
13ecially when they were young and unable to elude capture 
by flight. The Eskimo and northern Indians, in fact, would 
fare badly but for the great numbers of waterfowl that visit 
their country annually to breed, and their eggs are also 
sought by the natives with avidity. The first settlers also 
found waterfowl a necessary addition to their larders, and, 
insofar as game was concerned, the fowling piece early be- 
came a more important part of the settler's equipment than 
his rifle. 

However, neither the natives or the settlers ap})reciably 
reduced the numbers of ducks and geese that at given per- 
iods covered the lakes, ponds, rivers and marshes of this fa- 
vored land. The fact is, it was not until the perfection of 
that potent engine c>f destruction, the breech-loading shot- 
gun, that waterfowl began to decrease at an alarming rate. 
This was due, not alone to the breech-loader, but to the ever 
increasing population with a consequent increase both in 
number of sportsmen and market gunners. 

So rapidly are some species decreasing in certain States 
that the supply is already threatened, and stringent laws 
have been found necessary. The migratory bird law, a 
widely discussed and often criticised measure, has already 
proven its worth, and within a few years, with the abolish- 
ment of spring shooting, the supply of ducks and geese will 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 175 

again be replenished. It seems that the wood duck, one of 
the handsomest of onr native birds, and one whose breeding 
I'ange lies almost entirely within our own borders, is the 
species that has suffered most. In some sections, in fact, in 
not a few sections, it has been entirely exterminated. It is 
a question whether the Wood duck will ever again be 
plentiful. 

Other species, however, since the enactment of the 
spring shooting law, are showing an increase, and in due 
time, let us hope, once more the sun may be darkened b}^ the 
flights of ducks and geese as they joyfully wing their way 
through space, as in days of yore. 

The successful duck and goose hunter must possess the 
instinct of stealth. Silent movement, where movement is 
required, is an art much needed to acquire skill both in hunt- 
ing and in fishing. Not only silence, hoAvever, is required 
in the matter of hunting waterfowl, but one must have the 
proper talent to camouflage one's movements and conceal 
one's presence from the duck or the goose that is ever watch- 
ful for his mortal enemy — man. They have the eye of an 
eagle and will surely spot you, if you are not dressed in har- 
mony with your surroundings. If your surroundings are 
brown, such as dead horseweeds, or dead vegetation of any 
sort, then assuredly you should have on a brown or tan out- 
fit. Pay strict attention to every detail, such as your neck- 
tie, if you wear one on your hunting trips, or your hat. 
Don 't make the mistake of wearing a gaudy neck-piece or a 
loud cap or hat. The waterfowl will certainly sp3^ you out, 
and won't land near where you are. How often have you 
been waiting for ducks or geese, and when a flock would ap- 
pear they'd circle over you, and then, after the leader gave 
a warning "Honk, Honk, Plonk!" they would again spread 
wide their wings and soar away to parts unknown, much to 
}our discomfiture and angry regret? The reason was, of 
course, that you were discovered, due, probably, to some 
showy garment on your person. 



176 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

There are 64 species and sub-species of ducks, geese, and 
swans which are found in North America north of Mexico, 
24 breeds of this nvunber occurring in the United States. 
The species commonly recognized as most important to us 
are the wood duck, nialhird, black duck, teal, canvasback, 
redhead, and Canada goose. Several of these breed only 
in our Northern States; but the cinnamon teal and ruddy 
duck nest as far south as southern California, and the wood 
duck breeds nearly anywhere in the United States in which 
it receives any measure of protection, and the great bulk of 
this species winters within our boundaries. 

As we write, recollections of bygone days come flitting 
back to us, of happy excursions to the marshes and ponds 
after the elusive mallard, and many and pheasant memories 
dance before our vision, of how we hid in a fodder-shock, or 
among the tall dead grasses and weeds that had grow^n rank 
in the fertile marshes. 

Bucking is practiced by different methods in various 
l)arts of the country. The commonest method being "point 
shooting" and this is the way they do it in the great Middle 
A¥est", a region in which mallards, pintails, teal and wid- 
geon are plentiful along the numerous watercourses, and on 
the lakes, ponds and marshes. In some of the southei*n 
States a floating blind is used, consisting usually of an open 
box, fitted with brush camouflage so as to screen the gunner 
from view. While "out west" they like to "pass hunt," 
that is, the gunner takes up a position between two marshes, 
and tries his luck as the fowls fly from one feeding place to 
another, and along the coast where the red heads, broad bills 
and a few canvasbacks are found, the hunter prefers what 
is known as "the battery" in places where this device is per- 
mitted by law. This C(msists of what is called commonly a 
"coffin box" that has a platform extending around it to 
ward off the waves. When weighted properly it is sub- 
merged just so as to keep it a trifle above water and insure 
it against capsizing and makes it practically invisible a few 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 177 

yards away; the gunner is compelled, however, to lay flat, 
which is necessary to effectively hide his presence from the 
ducks. Decoys are Tisually anchored nearhy, which attracts 
real ducks to the vicinity and within gunshot. 

But to get back to "point shooting," as practiced in the 
Middle West, the hunter generally puts out 25 or 30 decoys 
near a spot where ducks are in the habit of passing, draws 
his canoe or boat into the reeds and awaits the approach of 
the next flock. 

One of the most essential items in duck hunting is in 
the matter of warm wearing apparel; something not only 
warm but w^aterproof is desirable. 

In the matter of guns for this pur^^ose, give me a 12 
gauge choke boi'ed double-l)arrel gun, which is the generally 
accepted gun for duck hunting. 

As to shells, these should be loaded with 31/4 drams of 
powder and 1^4 ounces of No. 4 shot. 

Some hunters prefer the old ten gauge, because it makes 
a better pattern with large shot, up to about size BB, but it 
has nothing on the 12 gauge for range and in addition is 
heavy to carry and handle properly. 

In picking up a duck or goose from the water, pick it 
up l)y the head, as this will cause the water to run right off ; 
if you pick it up by the feet, that method fluffs the feathers 
and the waterfowl ])ec()mes water-soaked and heavy to carry. 

The ducks and geese are a very interesting family, and 
a whole book could well be written on that subject. I wish 
we had space to deal more at length herein on duck and goose 
shooting, but it is imi^racticable and also unnecessary, for 
those who have hunted waterfowl full well know how and 
where and when to hunt, and those who haven 't yet indulged 
in this thrilling sport must do so before they possibly appre- 
ciate an article on this sul)ject. 

One of the most interesting meml^ers of the goose family 
is the Canada goose, scientifically known as Branta cana- 
densis. Its summer home, principally, is the interior of 



178 THE AX(iLKK AXD HUNTSMAN 

Canada, from Haskatcliewan and Al])erta north to the limit 
of trees. Eastward it breeds in the interior of Ungava and 
casually as far north as Okak and Ungava Bay. It also 
breeds quite commonly in Newfoundland, and is fairly com- 
mon on the islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and then 
west through Quebec and northern Ontario to the south end 
of James Bay. 

In the interior, the breeding range extends somewhat 
farther south. 

The principal winter home is the southern half of the 
Mississippi Valley west of the Mississippi River, but it is 
not rare in the eastern United States from Florida to Mary- 
land, occasionally to Massachusetts, and is recorded during 
the winter in Maine, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and even in New- 
foundland. Its normal winter range in the interior extends 
as far as southern Indiana and southern Illinois, l)ut a few 
specimens have also been noted in Ohio, southern Ontario, 
southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, Nebraska, southern 
Colorado, and southern Utah, according to government in- 
^'estigators. The winter home also includes all of the Pa- 
cific coast region as far north as British Columbia. 

WINTER RANGE OF DUCKS: 

American Merganser: 

''Merganser americanus," as this duck is called by 
scientists, ranges on the Atlantic coast from Maine to South 
Carolina, rarely to Georgia and Florida, and in mild winters 
it occui's as far north as Prince Edward Island, while in the 
interior it winters from the Gulf of Mexico to southern On- 
tario, Lake Michigan, Kansas, northern Colorado, Idaho, 
British Columbia, and rarely to Unalaska Island and the 
Pribilof Islands. In winter it reaches northern ^lexico and 
northern Lower California, and also occurs occasionally 
in the Bermudas. 



THE ANGLER AND HITNTSMAN 179 

Red-breasted Merganser: 

This duck, ''Merganser serrator," has been known to 
reach to the vicinity of Havana, Cuba, but rarely does it go 
south of the eastern United States. It is not a rare visitor 
in winter to Florida and along the gulf coast to Texas, but 
it is quite rare in New ^lexico and Arizona, and is common 
throughout the whole of California and south to Lower Cali- 
fornia. In winter it is common on the Atlantic coast as far 
as Maine, and remains around the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
until the bays freeze up. It is said also not to be uncommon 
even in Greenland during the winter. In the interior it 
braves the winter weather on the Great Lakes and north to 
AVisconsin, Nebraska, Colorado, and Utah ; north on the Pa- 
cific coast to southern British Columbia, and is also a casual 
visitor to the Hawaiian Islands and the Bermudas. 

Hooded Merganser: 

"Lophodytes cucullatus" is the Hooded Merganser's 
official title. This duck remains during the winter as far 
north as ^Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Lake Michigan, Ne- 
braska, Colorado, L^tah, and southern British Columbia. 
In the central districts and Gulf States it is more plentiful 
than elsewhere, while a few migrate to Cuba, Central Mex- 
ico, and southern Lower California. 

Mallard: 

The mallard, "Anas boschas," is a fresh-water duck, 
and in general it winters as far north as open water can be 
found. The greater number, however, spend the winter in 
the southern half of the Mississippi Valley, and during past 
years this region was the source of a large part of the market 
supply. The numbers killed were almost incredible. I 
have iieard of instances where a single gunner killed and 
sold as many as 8,000 mallards. Fortunately market shoot- 



180 THE AXGLKH AXI> H IXTSMAX 

iiig is now for])i(l(l('ii and tliis deplorablo slaughter has 
ceased, or has been materially lessened. 

The malhu'd winters casually in eastern Massachusetts 
and central New York, accidentally in Nova Scotia, and 
regularly from A^irginia to northern Florida. It is less 
common in Central Florida, and has been recorded in the 
Bermudas, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Grenada, Carriacou, 
Panama, and Costa Eica. Most of these localities have had 
but one or two I'ecords each, showing that the mallard is only 
a straggler to the southeast of the United States. It has 
never been known, or at least, is not recorded from Central 
America from Costa Rica to Mexico. The species is a com- 
mon w^inter resident of northern Mexico and ranges south 
to Jalapa, the valley of Mexico, Colima, and southern end of 
Lower California. 

The northern winter limit of the mallard in the interior 
is in Ohio, northern Indiana, southern Wisconsin, Nebraska, 
AVyoming, and central Alontana. It is also a common win- 
ter resident along the whole Pacific coast as far north as the 
Aleutian Islands. 

Black Duck: 

The group of "Anas obscura'' or ''black and dusky" 
ducks comprises several species which resemble each other 
closely and which have only in late years been distinguish- 
ed intelligently. The black duck is the common breeding 
duck of New England and northern New York. 

This species spends the winter rarely in the West In- 
dies, Bermudas, in central Florida and also in Alabama. 
From Georgia northward it is more common, and from 
North Carolina to New Jersey it is one of the most numerous 
winter ducks. Both the .'-pecics ''A. ()1)S('ura" and ''A. 
rubripes" are common at this season in the vicinity of Long 
Island and on the shores of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, 
but the latter appear to winter to a greater degree in Massa- 
chusetts than the former. AVest of the mountain.s there is 



THE AXGLER AND HVNTSMAN 181 

an uncertainty as to which form predominates dnring win- 
ter. ''A. obscnra" is a pretty common winter resident in 
Lonisiana, while "A. rnbripes" reaches Arkansas, and one 
form or the other ranges in winter as far north as southern 
Ohio, southern Indiana, and southern Illinois. 

Florida Duck: 

''Anas fulvigula," or Florida duck, is a non-migratory 
species, breeding commonly in the southern half of Flor- 
ida, and less commonly in the northern part of the State. 
]t appears to be absent entirely from northeastern Florida, 
but occurs along the northwestern coast. 

Mottled Duck: 

This bird, "Anas fulvigula maculosa," is a resident of 
Texas and southern Louisiana. In the State of the "Lone 
Star" it occurs from the mouth of the Rio Grar^de north- 
ward and west to about the central part of the State. It is 
also accidental in Kansas. 

Abert Duck: 

This species is known oidy from the type specimen 
taken at Mazatlan, Mexico, designated "Anas aberti." 

Diaz Black Duck: 

This duck, "Anas diazi," is a form of "black duck" re- 
sembling very much "Anas fulvigula." It is non-migra- 
tory and occurs in central ]\Iexico. 

G-adwell: 

The principal winter home of the gadwell, "Chaulel- 
asmus streperus," is in the lower Mississippi Valley, es- 



182 TilE ANGLER AXD HUXTSMAX • 

pecially in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas. Infrequently 
it winters as far north as Illinois, and is more connnon to 
the eastward in North Carolina and Florida. The winter 
range extends to the southern end of Lower California, to 
Mazatlan, and the City of Mexico. In the northern part of 
Mexico this species is common throughout the winter, and 
birds have been found paired in May, the late date being an 
indication that they intended to remain there and breed. Its 
winter I'ange extends commonly to Utah and Oregon ; seldom 
to Washington and British Columbia. 

European Widgeon: 

This species '']\[areca penelope" is a member of the Old 
World family of ducks, but it occurs as a straggler on the 
Atlantic coast in Florida, North Carolina, Virginia, Mary- 
land, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, 
Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and in Greenland, while in the 
interior it has been discovered in Illinois, Indiana, Michi- 
gan, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Nebraska, and even on the Pa- 
cific coast in California, British Columbia, and Alaska, but 
it is not known to breed anywhere in the AVesteru Hem- 
isphere. 

Baldpate, or American Widgeon: 

"Mareca americana" is connnon on the Chesapeake 
during the winter, but is rare directly northward at all 
times of the year, and, therefore, it is evident that the mi- 
gration is from the northwest. This species is quite com- 
mon in wintertime in the Carolinas, less common in Florida 
and Cuba, and rare in the Bermudas, the Bahamas, Jamaica, 
Porto Rico, St. Thomas and Trinidad. Its winter home in 
the Mississippi Valley extends as far north as Illinois, and 
in the west to New Mexico, Arizona, probably Utah, and t«:» 
southern British Columl)ia. It is most connnon, very likely, 
along the Pacific coast during the winter. 



THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 183 

European Teal: 

"Xettion crecca/' or European Teal, is a species that is 
widely distributed in the Old World, and is accidental in 
the AYestern Hemisphere. It has been recorded in Green- 
land, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Maine, Massachusetts, Con- 
necticut, Long Island, in the vicinity of Washington, D. C, 
California, and Alaska. 

Green- winged Teal: 

This duck, "Xettion carolinense," is common south of 
the United States in Mexico, at least as far as Jalapa, the 
City of Mexico, Michoacan, and Jalisco. It is also common 
in the Bahamas, but is rare in Cuba, Jamaica, and Hondur- 
as. This species is one of the most abundant ducks through- 
out the southwestern United States during winter. It is very 
hardy, and in general remains as far north as open water 
may be found. It winters in western Montana, up to cen- 
tral Utah, southern Nebraska, southern Iowa, central Illi- 
nois, central Indiana, western New York, and Rhode Is- 
land. Its principal winter home, however, lies in the ^lis- 
sissippi Valley south of latitude 37 degrees. 

Blue- winged Teal: 

"Querquedula discors," or Blue-winged Teal, migrate 
over a vast territory, and are found throughout northern 
South America, south to Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, 
during Avinter. In Central America they are plentiful, as 
well as in Mexico and the West Indies, and they are equal- 
ly common during the winter in the Gulf States and north 
as far as North Carolina. They do not range much north 
of the Gulf States in the Mississipj)i valley, though a few 
scatter widely as far as southern Indiana, and southern Il- 
linois ; while a few winter in Arizona, California and north 
to southern British Columbia. This species is not com- 



184 THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 

iiioii, ill the strict sense of the Avord, much north of North 
Carolina, though it is not rare on Chesapeake Bay and win- 
ters as far north, even, as Delaware. It is not a hardy 
species, and tiierefore, few individuals remain where there 
is cold weather and ice. 

Cinnamon Teal: 

This species, "Querquedula cyanoptera," does not re- 
tire bnt slightly south of its breeding range for the winter. 
It is found at this season as far north as Brownsville, 
Texas, central New Mexico, sonthern Arizona, and around 
Tulare Lake, California. South of ^lexico the only record 
is of accidental occurrence in Costa Rica. 

Shoveler: 

A few "Spatula clypeata,'' or shovelers, pass south in 
winter to Cohunijia, Souih America, Panama, Costa Rica, 
and throngh the West Indies. This species is accounted 
rare in Florida, and seems not to have been noted in the 
Bahamas. 

The Carolinas are the only states on the Atlantic coast 
where they are conunon, but it is not rare in Maryland, and 
there are a few winter records for New Jersey; however, 
the greater part of this species winters in the southern Mis- 
sissippi Valley, north rarely to southern Illinois, and as far 
south as central Guatemala, through Mexico. Many hun- 
dred thousands are reputed to winter near Lake Chapala, 
Jalisco. During Avinter this duck is also found in New 
Mexico, Arizona, the Avhole of California, and a few are 
found as far north as southern British Columbia. (Ireat 
numbers Avinter in the HaAvaiian Islands. During the flight 
between their Avinter and summer home they pass through 
the northeastern LTnited States, frequently through Pemi- 
syhania and NeAv York, and formerly it Avas not rare in 
Massachusetts; hoAvever, for the past fifteen years, only in- 



THE AXGLER AND HVNTSMAN 185 

(lividuals of a small numl:)er have been recorded for the 
whole of Xew England. 

Pintail: 

''Dafila acuta," or Pintail, are quite common on the 
coast of North Carolina, and as far south as Florida, while 
many spend the winter in Cuba, a few pdss on to Jamaica, 
and individuals have been recorded in Porto Rico. This 
species is known as one of the common winter ducks that 
are found from Mexico to Costa Rica, and a few winter as 
far north as Pennsylvania and New Jerse3\ Only a few 
winter in the Mississippi Valley north of southern Illinois, 
and from there the winter home extends through Texas, 
New Mexico, Arizona, and on to the Pacific coast, where it 
is abundant at this season as far north as British Columbia. 
The species also is known to winter in southern Ohio, and 
southern Indiana, also in southern Wisconsin. 

Wood Duck: " 

This duck is one of the most popular of American wat- 
erfowl, though greatly diminished in numbers from its for- 
mer abundance, and is scientifically called "Aix sponsa." 
It migrates north tolerably early, after spending the win- 
ter in North Carolina, occasionally in Maryland and Penn- 
sylvania, and in the interior as far north as southern In- 
diana, southern Illinois aiid Kansas. 

Redhead: 

"Aythya americana," or redheads, have their winter 
home not far from Texas, along the Gulf and Atlantic 
coasts, to Chesapeake Bay, and a few winter near Long 
Island, Cape Cod and Lakes Ontario and Erie; the Missis- 
sippi Valley noi'th to Illinois and Kansas, and in the west 
to New Mexico, Arizona, sometimes Utah, Nevada, and 
southern British Cohunbia, almost as far north as it breeds. 



186 THE axglp:r and huntsman 

Canvasback: 

"Aytli.ya vallisneria,"" or canvasljack liave for a siim- 
iiier home an area which begins over a thousand miles west 
of Chesapeake Bay, which, until recently, was also a favor- 
ite winter home for this species. The line of the Great 
Lakes appears to be the general route traversed in this 
southeastward migration, and a few ducks stop for the win- 
ter as far north as Lake Erie and western New York. The 
large flocks that hitherto covered Chesapeake Bay are no 
more ; however, a few winter on the coast of the Carolinas. 

The winter range extends from the Valley of Mexico 
north to southern Illinois, Colorado, Nevada, and southern 
British Columbia. 

Broadbill: Scaup Duck: Blackhead: Bluebill: 

This is one of the most important game birds of the At- 
lantic coast region from Massachusetts to Chesapeake Bay, 
being jDrobably more -common here during the winter than 
it is in any other part of its range, while most of the lesser 
scaups winter south of that district, being most common 
from North Carolina to Florida. 

The greater scaup also ranges nearly to the southwes- 
tern boundary of the United States in southern Texas, 
southern New Mexico, central Arizona, and to the vicinity 
of San Diego, California, while a few winter in southern 
Colorado, southern Utah, and m'ore commonly in Nevada, 
and on the Pacific Coast north to the Aleutian Islands. It 
also winters throughout the Mississippi Valley north as far 
as southern Wisconsin, but is hardly more than a straggler 
in winter north of the Ohio river. Its scientific designa- 
tion is "Aythya marila." 

Ring-necked Duck: 

The principal winter home of this duck, "Aythya col- 
laris," is the Gulf Coast, from Florida to Texas, and it is 



THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 187 

locally the most al)uiidant duck at this season in this region. 
It is also a common winter resident of the Bahamas, of Cu- 
ba, sometimes Jamaica, while on the mainland it is a rare 
visitant to California and Lower California, but is common 
in Mexico and ranges all the ^\^J to central Gruatemala. Its 
northward range extends to the Carolinas and on to Mary- 
land and New Jersey, however being rare in the latter two 
States; thence it ranges westward to southern Illinois, 
northern Texas, New Mexico, and north on the Pacific coast 
to southern British Columbia. 

American Golden-eye. 

The American golden-eye is accounted one of the hard- 
iest of ducks, its northern distribution in winter being gov- 
erned only by the presence of open water, a necessity to 
nearly all species of the duck family. Its scientific name is 
"Clangula clangula americana." It is somewhat common 
on Lakes Michigan, Erie, and Ontario, and during mild op- 
en winters it has been known to remain north to Prince Ed- 
ward Island. All winter it is quite common along the New 
England coast, continuing to be common all the way down 
the coast to North Carolina, but gets less common south of 
that State. In the interior it remains during the winter 
north as far as Iowa, Nebraska, and Utah, while on the Pa- 
cific coast it is found at this time north as far as the Aleu- 
tian Islands. 

Barrow Golden-eye: 

The great majority of the breeding birds of eastern 
Canada stay through the winter around the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence, however, a few straggle southward, being record- 
ed in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, 
and Virginia. Scientifically it is known as "Clangula is- 
landica." 



188 THK ANGLER AND H rN'rs:\lAN 

Buffle-head: 

"Cliaritonctta al])eola," or Jiufflc-liead, does not range 
in winter, generally speaking, south of southeastern or east- 
eiTi United States. To the westward a few enter Mexico 
to the Valley of Mexico and Lower California to San Quen- 
tin. This duck is a common winter resident of the southern 
half of the United States, north to Massachusetts: Lakes 
Ontaria, Michigan, and Huron; Utah, Idaho, British Cohuii- 
bia, Unalaska Island, and the Near Islands. 

Old Squaw: 

These birds are conunon south to CJiesapeake Bay, and 
as far south as the Xorth Carolina coast region are not rare. 
In mild winters they have been known to winter in the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence, while some stay in southern Greenland. 
They are an al)undant winter resident on the Great Lakes; 
on the Pacific coast from the Aleutian Islands southward, 
being quite common to the coast of Washington and not rare 
to northern California. Its scientific designation is 
"Harelda hyemalis." 

Harlequin Duck: 

During the winter season, the harlequin, or ''histrion- 
icus histrionicus," is not rare in the southern part of the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence, is less common south to Long Island 
Sound, and accidental on the coast of New Jersey. It is a 
frequent winter resident on Lake ]Michigan, winters in Col- 
orado, which is the southern limit of its breeding range but 
at several thousand feet lower altitiide. It is abundant in 
the Aleutians and the Pribilof Islands, west to the Near Is- 
lands, the Commander Islands, and sometimes as far as Ja- 
pan. 

Labrador Duck: 

"Camptolaimus labradorius," is an extinct species, 
which within the last centurv nested from Labrador north- 



J 



THE ANGLEB AND HCXTSMAN 189 

ward, and during" winter it visited the coast of New Eng- 
land; as far south also as Long Island and New Jersey. 

Steller Eider: 

"Polysticta stelleri," winters abundantly on the Near 
Islands and as far north as Unalaska, the Shumagins, and 
the Kenai Peninsula. 

Spectacled Eider: 

Winter records are few for this species, "Arctonetta 
fischeri," but it is pro])able that the Aleutian chain consti- 
tutes the main winter residence. 

Northern Eider: 

"Somateria mollissima borealis," or northern eider, 
ranges in winter from southern Greenland and northern 
Hudson Bay south on the Atlantic coast as far as Massa- 
chusetts. 

American Eider: 

'^Somateria dresseri," or American Eider, winters as 
far north as Newfoundland; is common in the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence, and not uncommon as far south as the coast of 
Massachusetts, while in the interior it occurs on the Great 
Lakes and neighboring regions. 

Pacific Eider: 

"Somateria v-nigra," or Pacific eider, appears to 
spend the winter, generally speaking in the vicinity of the 
Aleutians. 

King Eider: 

This duck breeds in the Arctic regions, and winters as 
far north as open water may be found, at least north to 
southern Greenland, liein^- common in the Gulf of St. Law- 



190 THK AXGLKK AND HUNTSMAN 

rence; the species lias also been noted occasionally in the in- 
terior on Lakes Caynga, Oneida, Ontario, Michigan, and 
Erie. The Pacific members of this species winter freely in 
the Alentians; south to the Shumagin and Kadiak islands. 
Scientifically it is called "Somateria spectabilis." 

American Scoter: 

"Oidemia americana," is the scientific tenn l)y which 
this duck is called, and it remains in winter around New- 
foundland, except when driven away by drift ice. South- 
ward it is not rare to Long Island Sound and the coast of 
NcAv Jersey. Inland, it is not uncommon on the Great 
Lakes, and has been recorded at various places in neighbor- 
ing states. The Pacific birds winter from the Aleutian Is- 
lands south to Santa Barbara Islands, California, and also 
west to Japan on the Asiatic side. 

White- winged Scoter: 

"Oidemia deglandi" range in winter through the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence, south along the Atlantic coast to South 
Carolina, while in the interior it ranges south regularly and 
commonly to the Great Lakes, and less commonly in adjoin- 
ing small bodies of water in the neighboring states. On the 
Pacific coast it winters from LTnalaska Island to San Quen- 
tin Ba\% Lower California. 

Surf Scoter: 

"Oidemia perspicillata," or Surf Scoter stays during 
the winter around the Gulf of St. Lawrence until forced 
away by ice, and passes the balance of the winter from about 
the Bay of Fundy south to Florida. It is exceedingly abmi- 
dant from JMassacluisetts to New Jersey, and .^till ccmmon 
to Nortli Carolina. On the Pacific coast it extends from 
the Aleutians south to San Quentin Bay, Lower California. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 191 

Ruddy Duck: 

"Erismatura janiaicensis," or Eviddy Duck, has a Avide 
winter range, some retiring in winter to the southern part of 
the range, to southern Lower California, Tepic, Valley of 
Mexico, Oaxaca, and Central Guatemala, while others re- 
main as far north as southern British Columbia. It is also 
found in winter in Southern Illinois, Pennsylvania, the 
coast of Massachusetts, and even to Maine. Also from the 
Chesapeake Bay to Florida it is quite a common winter 
resident, though rapidly being diminished in numbers. 

Mallards Best for Wild Duck Farms: 

Raising mallard ducks is an industry that should par- 
ticularly apjjeal to the average sportsman, an industry cal- 
culated to supplement the decreasing natural supply of 
game. 

The ease with which the mallard can be bred makes it 
the best species for wild duck farming, and its beaut)'^ popu- 
larity, hardiness, adaptability and fecundity fit it as no 
other duck is fitted to Ijecome the game duck of the future. 

When it is realized that only one-tenth of the food of 
the mallard is derived from the animal kingdom and about 
nine-tenths from the vegetable, it will be seen how easy the 
problem of propagating these ducks would be. They feed 
mostly on aquatic plants, such as the sedges, water grass, 
smartweeds, pondweeds, duckweeds, coontail and other 
semi-aquatic plants. A government expert recently found 
in the stomach of one mallard 102,400 seeds of primrose wil- 
low. It is also known that they feed on water beetles, bugs, 
and dragonflies. 

If you own ponds, lakes, or can improve such bodies of 
water, it would be possible to breed and raise mallards in a 
semi-domesticated state at little cost. 

For the sportsmen who desire to engage in this worthy 
enterprise, the writer has compiled information relative to 



192 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

suitable aquatic ])lauts for the attraction of waterfowl from 
trustwoi'tliy sources. 

Information concerning the propagation of valuable 
wild-duck foods is constantly requested by State game com- 
missions, game protective associations, and sportsmen's 
clul)s, and also hy individuals interested in the protection 
and propogation of waterfoAvl. The U. S. Biological Sur- 
vey has endeavored to meet the demand by issuing this in- 
formation in bulletin form, under the direction of W. L. Mc- 
Afee, Assistant Biologist, to whom I am indebted for this 
data. The widest dissemination of this knowledge among 
the American people is in line with the policy of the De- 
partment of Agriculture. 

Wild Rice and its Value as Duck Food: 

Wild rice (Zizania palustris and Z. aquatica) in all 
stages of its growth is eaten by one or another of North 
American ducks and geese, and practically all of them feed 
on its ripened grain. It is the staple fall food of many 
ducks in the numberless rice marshes of the eastern United 
States. The seeds are obtained mainly from the bottom in 
shallow water, where they have fallen into a bed of soft muck 
to await germination. This is often so delayed that grain 
ma}^ sprout at any time up to at least 18 months after ripen- 
ing. This accounts for the fact that 3^oung shoots and ger- 
minating seeds of wild rice are found in ducks' stomachs at 
nearly all seasons. The shoots are devoured by many spe- 
cies, the flowers have been found in the wood duck's st(mi- 
ach, and the stems and leaves of the mature plants are eaten 
by geese. 

The government expert says that of the food of 209 mal- 
lards examined, more than 17 ^r was wild rice, 12 ^c of that 
of 51 black ducks, and more than 11 ^o of that of 75 w(^od 
ducks. The Canada goose, snow goose, pintail, widgeon, 
lesser and greater scauj)s or bhu^bills, canvas back, redhead. 



THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 193 

gTeen-winged and l)lue-winged tocil, buffle-head, and ruddy 
duck are also known to feed considerably upon this plant. 

Description of Wild Rice: 

Wild rice is a tall, round-stemmed grass with long, flat, 
pointed leaves. The stem, which ma}^ be as much as 2 
inches in diameter, is hollow, but is furnished with trans- 
verse partitions between as well as at the joints. These par- 
titions may be seen when the stem is cut lengthwise. The 
base of the stem is in the form of a stout hook, and from it 
arise the numerous fibrous roots which serve mainh^ to an- 
chor the plant to the bottom. The flowers of wild rice usu- 
ally appear during the latter part of July, but may be found 
as late as November. The appearance of the flower head is 
very characteristic; the lower branches w^hich bear the 
staminate or male flowers, are widely separated and stand 
out from the stem, while the upper branches of pistillate 
flowers are erect and more compactly grouped. The grain of 
wild rice is from one-half to three-fourths of an inch in 
length, slender, of uniform diameter, and with rounded or 
pointed ends. A low rib runs along the whole length of one 
side and a shallow groove along the other. The husk of 
the seed has six longitudinal grooves and a long, pointed 
beak, the whole being an inch and a half or sometimes even 
more in length. The appearance of the flower head or of 
the grain distinguishes wild rice from all other aquatic grass 
in its range. 

Distribution of Wild Rice: 

Natural growths of wild rice occur from the northern 
end of Lake Winnipeg eastward along the northern shores 
of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River to New" 
Brunswick; from the central Dakotas, western Nebraska, 
and eastern Texas to the Atlantic coast; and as far south 
along that coast as central Florida. The plant is somewhat 



194 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

](K-ii] and of course is confined to the lowlands, the center of 
its abundance being in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. 

Propagation of Wild Rice: 

Although wild i*ice does not grow naturally in every 
suitable place within its range, in most cases it can be made 
to do so, says the bulletin, by transplanting. Formerly 
wild rice was often transplanted by various tribes of In- 
dians, and investigations by the Bureau of Plant Industry 
have shown that with proper treatment of the seed the plant 
may be propagated in any favorable waters in this country. 
J t has also been successfully grown in European countries. 
However, experimenters should be prepared for occasional 
failure, for the plant sometimes refuses to grow in localities 
which appear to have ever}^ requisite for its successful prop- 
agation. The usual cause of failure has been improper 
treatment of the seed between time of harvesting and time 
of sowing, resulting in loss of vitality. When growing nat- 
urally, the ripe seeds fall directl}^ into the water, where they 
sink, and, being equipped with barbed beaks, penetrate 
deeper into the muck surrounding the roots of the parent 
plant. There they lie through the winter. They may 
germinate in spring, or they may lie practically dormant 
through still another cold season. The seeds therefore re- 
main wet until ready to sprout ; they are exposed to currents 
of water ; are not in close contact with each other, and are not 
subjected to very high temperatures. As in everything else, 
to succeed, one must imitate nature's methods. To keep 
large quantities of the seed in close contact often causes fer- 
mentation, but this may be prevented by cold storage. 

So far as propagation depends on the preservation of 
the vitalit}^ of the seed, the methods so carefully worked out 
by the Bureau of Plant Industry insure success. Several 
seed firms handle wild rice properly and will deliver it 
either in spring or fall as desired. Notable among these is 



THE 'ANGLEE and HUNTSMAN 195 

Clyde B. Terrell, of Oslikosh, AVisconsin, who lias done a 
great deal for the scientific propagation of wild rice and 
wild celery. It is a pity that more sportsmen do not engage 
in this field, as nothing is more beneficial for the increase 
of wild water fowl, now so greatly decimated for lack of at- 
tention and protection in years passed by. 

Where to Plant Wild Rice: 

Wild rice thrives best on a mud bottom, though it has 
been kno^\Ti to grow in sand. This may be underlain by 
various soils, but there should be a layer of mud from at 
least 2 to 4 inches deep, 2)referably even deeper. Wild rice 
usually does not do well where there is much current or 
cliange in the level of the water, although it grows abund- 
antly (in tic\^ Hats, it is n(ft adapted to entire] v stagnant 
wate]'. 

Fiom 4 inches to 6 feet of water are about the limits of 
its usual occurrence, and it does best in from 1 to 3 feet. In 
shallow water it may be killed by heat in summer, so it is 
best, in southern localities especially, to sow the seed in not 
less than 2 feet of water. 

How to Plant Wild Rice: 

The least possible time should intervene between re- 
moval from cold storage and sowing. Broadcast sowing an- 
swers every purpose, and seed should be sown thickly, as, 
when near together the plants support each other, the root 
anchorage is protected, and a good stand is more likely to re- 
sult than if the seed is more widely scattered. 

When to Plant Wild Rice: 

The most desirable time for sowing is usually said to 
be in the fall, but it has been proven that spring sowing will 
bring a full crop, and for several reasons spring sowing is 



lJj() THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

usually advisable. AVliore seed has 1)(h»u sown in fall, the 
l.^uttoni may freeze and the seed will be carried off with the 
ice floes of spring. Ducks and other water-fowl, as well as 
some fishes, eat the seed, and the less it is exposed to their 
depredations the better, Seed is likely also to be buried by 
deposits of mud, or swept aw^ay by currents, especially in 
freshets. These dangers may be avoided by sowing late 
enough in spring to avoid the worst spring floods, but in 
time to get the benefit of the first good growing weather; 
that is, when the temperature of the water approaches 60 
degrees F. 

Wild Celery and its Value as Duck Food: 

When we think of wild celery, we also think of the can- 
vas-back duck, for the two are closely associated in the an- 
nals of American sport. It is a well know^n fact that the 
canvas-back is very fond of the subterranean propagating 
buds of this plant, yet the assertion that the flavor of the 
canvas-back is superior to that of any other duck and that 
this depends on a diet of wild celery is not proven, according 
to Mr. McAtee, to say the least. 

The scaups, or bluebills, and the redhead are also very 
fond of wild celery, and are fully as capable of getting the 
delicious buds as is the canvas-back. Several other species 
get more or less of this food. ]\Ir. AlcAtee finds that even 
tlie scoters on a Wisconsin lake in fall lived almost exclu- 
sively on it for the time. All parts of the plant are eaten by 
ducks, but the tender winter buds and rootstocks are most 
relished. Wild celery buds can usually be obtained only by 
the diving ducks, such as the l)luel)ill, red head, canvas- 
back, and scoters. The nondiving species, like the mallard, 
black duck, baldpate, and the geese, get an occasional bud, 
but they more frequently feed upon the leaves. Wild fowl 
not thus far specifically mentioned which also feed upon 
wild celery include the wood duck, pintail, ruddy duck, buf- 



THE ANGLER AXD HITNT8MAN 197 

fle-liead, whistler, green-winged teal, greater and lesser 
scani)s or bluebills, white-winged and surf scoters, and 
\Yhistling swan. 

Description of Wild Celery Plant: 

Wild celery is a wholly submerged plant with long, 
flexi])le, ribbonlike leaves of light translucent green and of 
l)ractically uniform width (anywhere from 14 to % inches; 
from root to tip. Of course the leaves are narrowed near 
tlie tip and may be somewhat serrate or wavy-margined 
tliere, but they are never expanded and the venation is pecu- 
liar, according to McAtee. A leaf held up to the light dis- 
plays munerous fine straight parallel veins running the 
whole length. There are, besides, one median and two lat- 
( ral prominent veins connected at intervals by irregular 
cross veinlets. Wild celery (Vallisneria spiralis) may be 
distinguished from eel grass (Zostera marina), Avhich lives 
in brackish or salt water, by the fact that its leaves grow in 
bundles from the rootstocks, Avhile those of eelgrass arise 
singly and alternate on opposite sides of the stem. The 
leaves of wild celery generally are more than a fourth of an 
inch wide, while those of eelgrass are about that width or 
nari'ower. Pipewort (Eriocaulon), a fresh-water plant, 
frequently having ribbonlike leaves, may be recognized by 
the reticulation of the entire leaf into small cells by veins of 
nearly uniform size. 

In certain stages some of the arrowheads (Sagittaria) 
are difficult to distinguish from wild celery, though they 
usually have the end of the leaf expanded into a proper leaf 
blade or else quite pointed, neither of which characteristics 
will be found in Vallisneria. Investigation of the subtej- 
ranean o^'gans will decide the matter, however. 

The flowers of wild celery are usually to be seen in 
July and are jDeculiar in appearance. The staminate 
flowers, at first attached at the base of the plants, later float 



198 THE ANGLEIi AND HUNTSMAN 

on the surface of the water and fertilize the i^istilh^te 
flower. The latter is attached to a long, slender, round 
stem, which contracts into a spiral, drawing the flower 
Tinder the water after fertilization. This S])iral stem, 
bearing the flower or pod, distinguishes wild celery from 
the other plants mentioned. The seed pod into which the 
pollenized flower develops is straight or curved, a little 
slenderer than a common lead pencil, and from 3 to 6 inches 
in length; it contains, embedded in a clear jelly, small dark 
seeds, in number about 50 to the inch. Mr. McAtee states 
no such pod is borne by any other fresh-water plant. 

Distribution of Wild Celery: 

Wild celery is found naturally from central Minnesota 
through the Great Lake region to northern X ova Scotia, and 
from eastern Kansas and eastern Texas east to the Atlantic 
coast. Like wild rice it is more or less local in distribution, 
and consequently may be absent from large areas within 
its general range. 

Propagation of Wild Celery: 

Wild celery is comparatively easy to transplant. It 
can be propagated both by seeds and Ijy Avinter ))uds, and 
the plant itself may be taken up and set out at almost any 
time. Floating fragments of the plant with a little of the 
rootstock attached, picked up in midsummer hy Mi'. .McAtee, 
rooted and grew successfully. He states the prime requi- 
sites in propagating celer}^ are the same as in the case of 
rice ; the buds, plants, or seeds must not be allowed to dry 
or to ferment l)etween gathering and planting. The seed 
pods ripen from September to November and fall to the 
bottom. They are best collected (by net or rake) on days 
Avhen the water is least ruffled during the latter ])art of Oc- 
tober and early November. The winter buds may be col- 
lected at the same season, before the leaves have disap- 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 199 

pearecl, by following the latter down and digging iij) tlie 
rootstocks and buds ; or the young plants may be taken u]) 
in spring just as they sprout. They should be kept moist 
and cool until wanted for planting. It, as well as wild rice 
seed, may be stored in partly filled burlap bags, among 
which blocks of ice are placed and the whole covered with 
sawdust and kept wet. In cold climates seed may some- 
times be perfectly preserved by keeping the seed in water 
\yhich is changed daily, and kept out of doors during the 
^vinter, except when frozen, germinating very satisfactorily. 
This also applies equally to wild rice. 

Where to Plant Wild Celery: 

Wild celery, Mr. McAtee found, grows best on mudd}^ 
])ottonis in from Si/o to 614 i'eet of fresh water, though it will 
grow also in sand and in both deeper and shallower water. 
A sluggish current suits it better than either stagnant or 
rapid water. 

How to Plant Wild Celery: 

For sowing, the pods should be broken up (in water) 
into pieces about I/2 i^^ch in length, which can be sown broad- 
cast — not too thickly, as the plants spread rapidly by root- 
stocks and will soon make a dense growth. The winter buds 
or pieces of roots with tufts of leaves must be weighted to 
hold them to the bottom and enable them to take root. This 
may be accomplished by loosely threading several plants 
together and tying stones to them, or ])y eml^edding them in 
balls of clay. The broken seed pods also may be put into 
clay and dropped into the water. 

When to Plant Wild Celery: 

If not likely to l)e covered by mud, the best time to sow 
the seed pods is in the fall. Winter buds collected in fall 
should be kept in cold storage, and these, as well as young 
plants gathered in the spring, should be set out in May or 
June. 



200 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

As Avild rice and wild celery constitute the principal 
aquatic plants suitable for the attraction of wild waterfowl, 
we deem it unnecessary to take up tlie consideration of the 
less important ones. 

THE AIREDALE TERRIER: 

Although not imported into this country from Eng- 
land until about the years 1897-98, the Airedale terrier has 
become immensely popular in the New AVorld in this short 
span of years. This is attributed to the fact that this dog, 
because of his keen scenting powers, gameness, and general 
hardihood, is much esteemed by all men who rejoice in a 
good, strong, sensible and faithful companion, whether it be 
within the confined quarters of a city life or in the more 
ojDen and workaday surroundings of the forest and river. 
Strictly speaking, the Airedale is a waterside dog. He 
takes his name from the valley or dale of the river Aire in 
Yorkshire, England; and it was in the early "seventies" 
that he was recognized as a distinct and separate breed on 
the British benches. It was in the ''eighties" that the first 
of these dogs were imported for exhibition jDurposes ; they 
were placed in the miscellaneous classes at shows. Today 
they are peculiarly representative in the United States and 
(■anada. Indeed, it is no exaggeration to say that America 
noAV possesses as good Airedales, perhaps as a body, better 
than are owned an^^where else iu'tlie world. The foresight, 
acumen, inclination and liberality of certain owners on this 
continent, who have in their kennels only the best dogs and 
bitches of the breed the}^ could obtain anywhere, are the 
things that have aided the ascendency of the Airedale to his 
present state of popularity. 

The Airedale terrier, like man}' other useful domestic 
animals, was originated from two, three or more breeds. 
The foresight of fanciers of fifty or more years ago was 
responsible for what we have today in the make and shape 
of the beautiful black or blue grizzle and tan Airedale of the 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 201 

moment. Tlie finesse of the intelligent breeder is seen 
in every limb and mnscle of the dog's body; his high breed- 
ing and faultless outline, combined with his apparent utility, 
is patent to any man or woman who cares to take in his gen- 
eral appearance and reason out the whys and the where- 
fores of his existence. From the old-fashioned rough Scot- 
tish terrier, or maybe the rough black and tan kennel ter- 
rier of other days, crossed with the hardbitten bull and ter- 
rier, we are said to have obtained the first progeny that was 
the one root of the now deservedly popular Airedale. But 
our workingmen friends, fond of a bit of hunting on the 
small river and brook sides of the dale of the Aire, wanted a 
dog with more nose — one that could wind a rat or a moor 
lien across the stream, or pick up the drag of a chance otter 
wh(.»se presence they might discover through the track of his 
peculiar hind-toeless '^seal" on some silted sand or landing 
X)laee on the side or middle of a creek. This trail, perhaps 
already six and thirty hours old, the Scottish fighting-dog 
cross would fail to recognize, and, naturally, the lone hunt- 
ing fellow would cast about for some dog possessed of suffi- 
ciently acute olfactory organs to be able to recognize this 
scent aiid carry it on to where the otter was surveying the 
liver from a point of vantage in the fork of an old willow 
tree, on tlie bank, safe below in his hole, the opening of 
which he would dive to reach, or the snug surroundings of an 
oozier bed, hassocks of moorgrass or the dry and warm bed 
on top of a hedge or bank. In a jiffy our sportsman knew 
he must have something else in his already cross-bred dog ; 
his mind at once went out to the Otter hound or AVelsh 
hound, for well he knew that both of these had a rightful 
reputation for wonderful noses, handed down to them in 
turn from the mighty old Talbot hound, the Adam of all, or 
nearly all, hounds and dogs that depend upon their scenting 
powers to provide their masters with the sports of the chase 
and the benefits of the well-filled larder. Again, the Otter 
and Welsh hounds were rough and wiry in coat; they were 



202 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

good water dogs, and tlieir r-oiistitntioii was siicli tliat they 
could witlistaiid all weathers and the wear and tear of work 
in a foreign element that is particvilarly trying to humans and 
nearly all quadrupeds. Out, then, of the rough terrier, bull 
terrier and hound cross there arose the dog that we know 
today as the Airedale terrier ; and a better creature does not 
stand on four legs, when we consider him from the i)oints of 
elegance, unison of build, thoroughness in dash and inten- 
sity of purpose; in the contour of his breedy appearance, 
and his known adaptability to all climates and under any 
and all conditions where he is called upon to act as a real 
companion to man. This is, assuredly, a great character, 
but no phrase or set of phrases can be found that adequately 
describes this great strain of the canine family. The Aire- 
dale is in a class all to himself and deservedly so. Today tliL 
Airedale enjoys wide popularity. He is everywhere. I 
have seen him at the hardest of the most devilish work, midst 
the extremely severe winters of ice-clad Canada and the swel- 
tering forests and bush looking out onto the Indian Ocean 
and the blue waters of the South Pacific. For the large 
carnivore, he is in considerable use in this country, espe- 
cially in the regions of the Great Divide — the backbone of 
the continent, the mighty and always alluring Rockies. As 
a tracker of wounded deer he is at your service, while it 
doesn 't take you long to make him an ideal coon dog. Rats 
in his mouth are as straAvlierries in yours, while as a duck 
dog he will retrieve with the best of them. He is, indeed, 
something more than the poor Sunday-hunting workingman, 
operative or mill hand, watersider or ''manufacturer" 
dreamed he w^as. For the local Aire dog has become a 
world-wdde celebrity, used by the human being of ability for 
almost everything; hunting large and small game; as a 
• trained policeman's dog; the pick of all dogs for army am- 
bulance service. The Airedale is truly a jack of all the 
dog trades. The many thousands that \vatched the public 
work of the New York City police dogs at Madison Square 



THE AXGLER AXD HUXTSMAX 203 

Cfarclen, New York, in February, 1908, were satisfied that 
the most satisfactory performance given was by an Aire- 
dale, although there were several of another breed (Belgian 
sheep dogs) that had been trained abroad. The muzzled 
Airedale rushing in between the supposed felon's legs, soon 
had him on the ground and at the mercy of the representa- 
tive of law and order. 

AVitli all the go-aheadness and sprightliness of the Aire- 
dale, it cannot be said he is quarrelsome. The hound blood 
that is within him appears to have wiped out, for the nonce, 
the sheer wickednss of the bull and terrier. We know that 
a hound will rather run than fight, any day. Alone he is a 
bit of a coward ; in a pack he becomes brave as a villain in a 
mob. It is the other way with a bull and terrier. And so 
it was with the old cut-eared Scotch dog, another such with 
the arguments of his teeth. But the Airedale is, broadly 
speaking, all right, until he is set on to his ow^n kind or any- 
thing else that Ijreathes. With the rising of his hackles 
something's going to suffer, even if he dies in the battle. 
And that must be the reason for the imiversal popularity of 
the dog now under notice. 

There has been a steady upward value in Airedales 
ever since 1890. A fancy price to put on a dog, a champion, 
a,t a show in England, at that time would* have ])een a hun- 
dred pounds sterling (about $500). He could probably 
have been obtained at half that figure, or less. A good or- 
dinary dog would have cost about $50, and this dog could 
have won with the leading champions of the day out of his 
way. Now, matters have changed, and $1,000 has been paid 
for dogs now in America. 

The Airedale is essentially a general purpose, and can 
be taught to do anything a dog can learn. As a hunter he 
has no superior, and his wonderful popularity in the West 
is due to his aid to the huntsman of big game, being possessed 
of a marvelous nose, a powerful physique, and the agility of 
a cat, which, coupled with the grit equal to a pit Bull dog. 



204 THE ANGLER AND HUXTSMAX 

without the quarrelsome disposition, has won him friends 
innumerahle in every clime. The Airedale takes to water 
like a muskrat, having been crossed in his early ancestry 
with the Otter hound, and being used in England to hunt 
the streams as well as the thickets. As a duck dog he is con- 
sidered superior to the Chesapeake or S]3aniel. His coat 
dries quickly, being wiry and not shaggy. As a watch dog 
and companion for children he is unexcelled, guards the 
home faithfully, is affectionate, kind and very intelligent, 
but is not everybody's dog and does not fall in love with 
Tom, Dick and Harry just because they pat him on the head. 

The Airedales, when born, are black and grow lighter 
as they grow older. 

The head is long with a flat skull, not too broad l)etween 
the ears, and narrowing slightly to the eyes, free from wrin- 
kle; stop hardly visible, and their cheeks are free from full- 
ness. The jaw is deep and jiowerful ; well filled up mider 
the eyes, lips tight; ear "V" shaped, with a side carriage, 
small but not out of proportion to the size of the dog; the 
nose black, the eyes small, dark in color and full of tciTier 
expression. 

The teeth are strong and level. 

The neck should be of moderate length and thickness, 
gradually widening towards the shoulders and free from 
throatiness. 

The shoulders should be long and sloping well into the 
back, shoulder blades flat. 

Chest is deep l)ut not broad; back short, strong and 
straight. 

The hips are Avell sprung. 

Hind-quarters should be strong and muscular, with no 
.droop ; hocks Avell let doAvn. 

The tail is docked and set on high and carried gaily, 
but not curled over back. 

The legs must be perfectly straight, with plenty of bone. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 205 

The feet should be small and roimd, with a good depth 
of pad. 

The coat should be hard and wiry, and not so long as to 
appear ragged, lying straight and close, covering the dog 
well all over the body and legs. 

The color of the Airedale is as follows : The head and 
ears, Avith the exception of dark shadings on each side of the 
skull, should be tan, the ears being of a darker shade than 
the rest, the legs up to the thighs and elbows being also tan, 
the body black or dark grizzle. 

Size of the Airedale should be — dogs, ^0 to 45 lbs., 
bitches, slightly less. 

(Xote: The following news items were taken from 
Ledger & Blade, of Chicago.) 

Dogs of St. Bernard: 

All but a pitiful half-dozen of the famous St. Bernard 
dogs kept by the monks of that ancient monastery in the 
Alps were killed during the world war, according to a re- 
port from Paris. Meat shortage was the stated cause of 
this blind act. 

The St. Bernard pass is of historical interest, as it con- 
nects the valleys of the Rhone and the Dora Baltes. It was 
traversed by Roman legions many centuries ago, and in me- 
diaeval times this pass served the armies of conquerors and 
the bands of mercenaries. Napoleon crossed the Alps at 
this point in 1800. 

The great monastery w^as built in the middle of the 16th 
century. It was maintained for the relief of travelers who 
were surprised and overtaken by snow-storms while cross- 
ing the Alps. The St. Bernard dogs were used to find the 
frozen victims of the storms in the snowdrifts. They were 
especially trained for this work of relief and carried first 
aid to the injured in a little basket attached to their collars. 
These dogs rescued thousands of human beings, many of 



206 THE AXtiLKli AND HrXTSMAX 

whom were of historic prominence. And for the first time 
in the history of this famous monastei-y the dogs liad to ])e 
shuightered for ap])arent h\ck of food. 

At less critical times a report of this sort would create 
widespread indignation, but at the present time the human 
race is thinking so much of its own dilemma that it has no 
symapthy to spare for dog heroes living more than 8,100 feet 
above the surface of the sea. 

Trees From Which Many Medicines Are Made: 

Any physician will tell you that the most useful and 
most used stimulant to the heart and for the nervous system 
is "Strychnia." This is an alkaloid found originally in tlie 
seed of the strychnos nux-vomica, the poison-nut tree, found 
in India, Burma, and Siam, and growing also in Cochin 
China and Australia. It is of moderate size and has a fruit 
the size of a small orange, with a hard shell and a bitter pulp 
enclosing one to five seeds, less than one inch in diameter 
and one-fourth inch thick and shaped like disks. It is the 
bitterest substance known, and when one has heart failure, 
or nervous exhaustion, or is run down or needs a tonic, some 
doctor is sure to give him the alkaloid from one of these 
peculiar Indian trees. 

Textbooks on medicine frequently refer to "emergency 
heart stimulants," meaning by this drugs used by hypoder- 
mic injection to produce prompt stimulation of a weakened 
heart. Some of the most valuable heart stimulants require 
a good deal of time after being taken to produce their ef- 
fects, hence the need of emergency heart stimulants. 
Strychnine, we know, is a splendid emergency heart stim- 
ulant. 

A tree which has various species throughout the world 
and is of some medical interest, is the acacia. The acacia 
Senegal is the type of tree which furnishes gum acacia, or 
gum arable. AVhile acacia is not possessed of any marked 
curative properties of itself, it is a constituent of many im- 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 207 

Ijortant prt^pa rations in pharmacy, as, for instance, in the 
making of emulsions, where its heavy mucilaginous quali- 
ties make it a valuable vehicle for oily and resinous sub- 
stances. It is also widely used in the preparation of pills 
and troches. 

Gum catechu, a substance containing tannic acid and 
used in dj^eing, which was at one time extensivel}^ used as a 
remedy in colitis and dysentery, comes from the acacia 
catechu and acacia sunmis, both native to India. 

The Holy Land — A Paradise For Birds: 

Swarms of European birds Adsit Palestine in winter, 
and many breed there. The cranes, for instance, pass 
through in winter and in spring the voice of the turtle-dove 
is commonly heard. 

The Holy Land is appropriately a stronghold of the 
pigeon family: turtle-doves are found, the wood-pigeon 
comes in myriads in winter, and the common pigeon, the true 
Scriptural doA^e, is still abundant, both Avild and tame, 
throughout the country. Contrasted to these is foiind the 
crow tribe of several species, and birds of prey from the 
great griffon culture, the ''eagle" of Scripture, to the spar- 
row-hawk. 

In the deep tropical Jordan valley Ave find a sort of 
aviary of real trojDical birds, Avhich found there a refuge 
from the last glacial epoch — the lovely little sunbird, or 
"Jericho humming-bird," the land-feeding AAdiite-breasted 
kingfisher, and a species of gregarious thrush. 

On the coast is found the great Indian fishing owl, and 
among the rocks of Marsaba the monks have half-tamed the 
orange-winged blackbird, which is really a starling of Afri- 
can type, as much out of his latitude as the hyrax. One of 
the birds peculiar to Palestine is the pretty little pigmy Mo- 
abite sparroAv, which lives in the reed-beds and is one of the 
rarest birds in the Avorld. 



208 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

Roptiles are ahiiiidaiit, and even the Nile crocodile, the 
leviathan of the Bil)le, lingered long enough to give Tris- 
tram the chance of obtaining a specimen nearly 12 feet long, 
while, in addition to the African cobra, we find the grass- 
snake among the harmless species, and the wicked little 
horned viper lies in Avait, as in olden times, to bite the heels 
of the horses. 

As for the fish, they are as abundant and varied as ever, 
and it is interesting to note that the Sea of Galilee is still 
full of them, and that the commonest kinds are of an African 
family, an interesting illustration of the scientific interest 
which unites with the religious to make Palestine among 
the most interesting of all countries. 

Six-Foot Lizards That Furnish Delicious Steaks: 

Most persons are averse to the idea of eating the flesh 
of a reptile, yet when we eat turtle soup or terrapin we are 
doing just that. Prof. A. M. Reese, of the University of 
West Virginia, in a magazine statement, admits that no 
American would knowingly eat a snake, but he thinks that 
lizards are among our possibilities, and he especially recom- 
mends some of the larger ones. Alligators, too, he says 
make fine eating, and but for silly prejudices would make a 
voluminous contribution to the supply of flesh food. He 
goes on to say, writing in the Scientific Monthly : 

"Lizards are important to mankind chiefly as insect 
destroyers, but a few of them are used as food in tropical and 
semi-tropical lands. Of these the giant iguanas, reaching a 
length of six feet or more, are the most important. The 
flesh of these lizards is said to be of a delicious flavor, resem- 
bling chicken. In the Bahamas the lizards were formerly 
one of the most important articles of food ; they were hunted 
with dogs, and kept in captivity until wanted. 

"The eggs of the larger lizards are also used as food in 
some countries. 



THE AXGLER AND HUXTHMAX 209 

''Thoiigli snakes are esteemed as food in many lands, 
it is not likely they will ever be an important article of diet 
in this conntry, both because of the almost universal repug- 
nance with which they are regarded and because of the com- 
parative scarcity of large serpents within our borders. Our 
larger black snakes, though reaching a considerable length, 
are so slender that the amount of flesh in their bodies is not 
great, and there is probably not one person in ten thousand 
who would knowingly eat a snake. 

With the crocodilia the matter of size cannot be raised 
as an objection, since the largest members of this family 
may reach a length of 30 feet and a weight of many hur.- 
dreds of pounds. Of course, neither an alligator nor a croc- 
(►dile is a very attractive looking animal, but when skinned 
and dismembered the body looks no more repulsive than any 
other carcass that may be seen in any butcher's shop, and 
the flesh is as white and attractive looking as the l^est beef 
or pork. 

''The eggs of the crocodilia, which are usually about as 
large as those of a goose, are often eaten by the natives in 
the tropics. Never having eaten an alligator egg, I cannot 
speak from personal experience of its flavor; but it has al- 
ways seemed strange to me that more use is not made of the 
flesh of the alligator. This flesh is often said to have too 
strong a flavor to ]:>e palatable ; I have eaten it, and it had no 
such rank taste, but was decidedly agreeable, being as might 
l>e expected of so amphibious an animal, somewhat like both 
fish and flesh, yet not exactly either. 

"Perhaps greater care should be taken in skinning an 
animal that is to l)e used for food in order that the flesh be 
, not tainted with the musk. It may be a lack of care in prep- 
aration that has given rise to the impression that alligator 
meat is too strong to be pleasant. 

"Tn many parts of tropical America the various species 
of crocodiles and caymans are said to be very abundant, so 
that if a means could be devised to preserve the flesh near 



210 THE axot;i-:k and htxtsmax 

the plare wlicic the animals are killed a large supply of 
meat might be obtained.'' 

Wild Burro Steak, a la Shashlik: 

The little wild burro has become a pest in certain parts 
of Arizona. These long-eared brethren are not exactly 
wild, for the very good reason that they do not possess 
enough energy and sj)irit to be inclined that way. The 
mountain valleys of not only Arizona, but of New Mexico 
and northern Mexico are overflowing with droves of bur- 
ros. They infest the mining camps and ranches and are 
pronounced by those who should know as a nuisance. Hun- 
dreds of them are annually killed for their hides and grease, 
and for the sport the}' afford in running them or stalking 
them. 

A famous Russian traveler, Dr. 0. C. Young, who has 
lived in the southwest for some few years, suggests that their 
meat be used for food. Dr. Young states he has eaten the 
flesh of camels and various breeds of shee]) and that these 
do not compare favorably with burro meat. 

' ' So far as the meat of the young burro is concerned T 
can only state that I have eaten it for months and like it," he 
said. 

''A fat burro about 1 year old furnishes a steak that 
will satisfy the taste of the most fastidious, esj^ecially if pre- 
pared in 'shashlik' fashion, which means that after the 
steak has been cut into short pieces and properly seasoned 
it is put on a spear and placed into the low flame of bui'nin<^i: 
saksaul until done. 

''Burro shashlik is not as delicious as shashlik made of 
Karakul mutton, but it is good enough for anybody, and for 
that reason I cannot understand why there exists so much 
a^-ersion to burro meat in this southwestern country, es- 
pecially when one bears in mind that there is no cleaner do- 
mestic animal in existence than the burro. 



THE AXGLEE AND HUXTSMAN 211 

'^ Smoked burro meat, called 'bastrama,' is very nice 
and is eaten raw like Westplialian ham, and is especially 
adapted on long journeys and in hard countries. 

''Dried burro meat, resembling the well known Mexican 
carne seca, is not bad, providing the burro is killed while 
yoimg, otherwise the meat is very tough, but free from the 
odor of an old goat." 

Jungle Can Furnish Food: 

During the war period when food conservation was be- 
ing discussed pro and con as to ways and means, Randolph 
L. Summerfield, of Singapore, who has lived for forty 
years in the Malay States, arrived at Seattle on a govern- 
ment mission, and made the statement that ".the world's live 
stock market has been decimated, but if worst comes to worst 
and there's a real meat famine, the jungles of the Malay 
States can supply vast quantities of meats and fats. Our 
forests are full of monke^^s of all kinds. Our streams teem 
with crocodiles. The huge anaconda snake is numerous and 
prolific. Monke}^ meat, cooked French or Spanish style, 
billed on the menu as veal, would make an epicure yearn for 
more. There's no disagreeable sentiment about killing a 
crocodile or the boa constrictor. Portions of the 'croco's' 
tail are extraordinarily good, and the boa constrictor is a 
culinary favorite in India. Fried in butter, or certain oils, 
the boa constrictor is considered a delicacy." 

Risk Lives to Catch Fish: 

Lads of the tender age of nine to twelve years at the old 
Indian settlement of La Push, nestling behind the pinnacle 
rocks that rise out of the Pacific Ocean off the mouth of 
the Quillayute river in Washington, nobly did their share 
toward winning the war involving nearh^ all the world. 
These lads, scantily clad, are wont to dash across the beach 
to meet the incoming tide, wade into the water and wait for 



212 THE an(;lkk and iirxTs:^iAX 

tlie waves to ])r('ak witli fisli. As tlio coml>ers l^rcak tiie 
lads dash into the boiling surf and rake the ocean for fish. 
Frequently the waves dash over the boys' heads, but they 
never lose their footing and the danger of the work does not 
excite more than ])assing attention from the old women 
vreaving })askets. 

During the day the Indians a^ La Push village average 
fully a ton of fish caught with dip nets. The older men 
help with the curing when their day's work is done, but it 
is the boys' task to ca]>ture the fish. 

With each tide thousands of smelt are driven ashore. 
Each lift of the dip nets from the surf generally brings a 
basketful of fish. 

There are now 250 men, women and children in the lit- 
tle settlement, and each did his or her share with fishing, 
war gardens and other activities to he\p win the war. 

HISTORY OF HUNTING LICENSES: 

How many sportsmen, 1 wonder, are familiar with the 
early history and development of the hunting license, its 
objects and limitations? There are some sportsmen, no 
doubt, who even think the hunting license that has to be pur- 
chased before the_v are allowed to hunt is unnecessary and 
unjust ; others, perhaps, think licensing game-hunting is O. 
K., but they are of the opinion the hunting license is a mod- 
ern device, and so to set all these gentlemen right in their va- 
rious opinions and beliefs, let us briefly consider the facts 
as gleaned from trustworthy sources. 

First, it is a fact that although most of the present laws 
have been enacted during the last ten or twenty years, even 
a hurried review of the subject will suffice to show that the 
system originated at a very early date in the United States, 
and was really an outgrowth of a discriminating attitude to- 
ward nonresidents. Hiuiting licenses were required in 
some of th(^ colonies, particularly Virginia, more than two 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 213 

hniuli'cd years ago, thouo-h their object was a little different 
from those of our time. 1 quote below one of the early 
statutes entitled "An Act for a Free Trade with Indians," 
passed in Virginia in 1691, its object detailed as follows: 

"And for the future prevention of such mischiefs as 
have frequently happened at huntings, commonly called 
fire huntings and other huntings remote from the planta- 
tions. Bee it enacted by the authority aforesaid, and it is 
hereby enacted, That no person or persons whatsoever shall 
hereafter presume to goe an hunting remote from the Eng- 
lish plantations without first having obtained the lycense 
and permission of their Majesties leiutenant governour or 
commander in chief for the time being and the councell of 
state under such restrictions, limitations and conditions as 
at the time of giveing such permission shall be by them 
thought fit to be enjoyned and appointed." 

In 1719 nonresidents in New Jersey were prohibited 
from taking oysters or jDutting them on Ijoard a vessel not 
wholly owned by a resident. 

North Carolina enacted a game law in 1715 providing 
tliat all persons not possessed of a settled habitation in that 
province were required to certify that they had planted and 
tended 5,000 hills of corn and have said certificate in their 
possession before they were allowed to hunt deer. 

Section 4 of this Act reads as follows : 

''That every person who shall hunt and kill deer in the 
King's waste within this Province, and who is not possessed 
of asettled habitation in the same shall be obliged to pro- 
duce a certificate when required of his having planted and 
tended five thousand ' corn-hills, at five feet distance each 
lull, the preceding year, or season, in the county where he 
shall hunt, under the hand of at least two Justices of the 
Peace of the said county and the hand of at least one of 
the churchwardens of the Parish where such person planted 
and tended such corn, as aforesaid.'' 



214 THE AXGLER AND HUXTSMAX 

This and similar laws from which has spruiij>- tlic mod- 
ern hunting license, plainly reveals the discrimination in 
those early days against the nonresident, which still con- 
tinues as important sections of our later laws. The law 
quoted above was amended 28 years later so as to deny per- 
sons the privilege of hunting deer who did not possess a free- 
hold of 100 acres of land in the province, or who had not 
tended 10,000 corn-hills during the previous year. If these 
laws had progressed in the same direction on dow^n to this 
day, only the very wealthy would now be able to enjoy the 
pursuit of game in localities wherein they w^ere nonresident. 

Virginia, it is recorded, in the year 1840 prohibited 
nonresidents from hunting wild fowl on beaches and 
marshes below the head of tide water, retaining this re- 
striction until as late as 1903. New Jersey, in 1846, made 
nonresidents punishable by a fine of $15 and forfeiture of 
their guns to the informer for trespassing with a gun, while 
residents guilty of the same offense were liable merely to 
a fine of $5 and costs, or less than a third of the penalty im- 
posed on nonresidents. In 1854, North Carolina passed 
the bill preventing nonresidents from hunting wild fowl in 
Currituck count}^ the preamble of which reads as follows: 

''Whereas, large numbers of wild fowl collect during 
the fall and winter, in the waters of Currituck county, 
which are a source of great profit to the inhabitants thereof; 
and whereas, persons from other States, not residents of 
this State, shoot and kill, decoy and frighten the same, to the 
great annoyance and detriment of the citizens of our own 
State: Now Be it enacted, etc." 

Under this law all persons who did not reside in the 
State for at least one year were prohibited from lumting or 
killing wild fowl in the waters of the county above men- 
tioned. Quite recently in North Carolina and Virginia 
nonresidents hunting wild fowl in certain counties were 
prohil)ited from shooting from sink boxes or boats, in order 
that this privilege might be reserved for residents alone. 



I 



THE ANGL1:E and HUNT8MAX 215 

In 1858 Georgia passed an act preventing nonresidents 
from hunting or fishing within the limits of that State, in 
order, as stated, to prevent strangers and others from hold- 
ing conversation with slaves. 

Delaware in 1863, following the example of Virginia, 
made it a misdemeanor for the nonresident to kill wild 
ducks, geese, or other water-fowl on any of the marshes or 
waters of that State, the penalty for so doing being fixed 
at $50 to $100. In 1866, Florida got busy and prohibited 
nonresidents from camping or fire hunting, with or with- 
out dogs or guns, in the counties of Taylor and LaFayette. 
In 1880 we are told that IVIaryland prohibited nonresidents 
of the five counties bordering the Patuzent from shooting- 
snipe, rail, and wdld fowl on the waters and marshes of the 
river, and also tabooed the use of sink boxes in Queen Anne 
county by others than residents of the county. Later laws 
in the different States went further, but space does not per- 
mit the enumeration here of any more instances of discrimi- 
nation against the unhappy nonresident. Sportsmen of to- 
day, even, get a taste of it when they go to some distant game 
field, and so they will know how to sympathize to some ex- 
tent with their less fortunate Colonial fathers. 

Mr. T. S. Palmer, who has studied this subject exhaus- 
tively for the U. S. Government, and to whom I am indebted 
for this data on the history of hunting licenses, tells us that 
the local license had its rise in the Eastern States, the first 
law containing a nonresident-license provision being ap- 
parently that passed in 1873 in New Jersey, under the title, 
"An act to incorporate the West Jersey Game Protective 
Association." Section 7 of this act of incorporation last- 
ing for fifteen years reads as follows : 

"That if any person or persons nonresidents of this 
State, shall kill, destroy, hunt, or take any doe, buck, fawn, 
partridge, moor fowl, grouse, quail, or woodcock, at any 
time within the counties of Camden, Gloucester, Atlantic, 
Salem, Cumberland and Cape May in this state without com- 



21(J THK AXGLKH AXD HrXTs:\rAX 

plying with the bylaws of this Game Protective Society then 
the person or persons so offending shall forfeit and pay the 
sum of $50 each, for each and every offense.. .jDrovided 
nothing in this Act shall prevent residents of this state from 
taking game or fish, su])ject to the existing laws of this 
state." 

The membershij) fee being $5 for the first year and $2 
for every year thereafter, and nonresidents being re(|uired 
1o procnj-e membership certificates before hunting in the 
six counties above named. These certificates became in 
• effect nonresident Imntiiig licenses. In lcS78 a broader and 
general act was passed, appljdng to other associations of 
that State. Other States later adopted the same plan, and 
thus the hunting license that we have today, though 
changed from time to. time, came into being. 

The second phase of licensing the hunter is called the 
enactment of market-hunting licenses, the effect in some 
of the southern States being to restrict market hunting and 
to prevent export of game from the State for connnercial 
purposes, Avhich brought about this legislntion. This is the 
blow that w^as needed to control the unlawful activities of 
the market-hunter, what is now called in outdoor parlance, 
''the pot-hunter". Much good legislation has been enacted 
with a view to counteracting his evil practices, but lie is still 
very much at liberty in not a few localities, no doubt. 

The resident hunting license had its origination in 
the system of special licenses as developed in some of the 
counties of Maryland in the early seventies and eighties. 
Shooting wild fowl from sink boxes, sneak l)oats, or in some 
cases from blinds was prohibited except under license, and 
these licenses, the record sa^^s, were issued only to residents. 
Hence they constitute the beginning of the resident 1 mut- 
ing license. The first of these laws was i)assed in 1ST2 for 
the protection of wild fowl on the Susquehanna Flats, at the 
head of Oiiesapeake Bay. Section 7 of the act ])rovides: 

"Noowner, master, hirer, l)orroAver, eni])loyee of any 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 217 

owner, or other person, shall use or employ any sink box, 
or sneak boat of any description whatever, for the purpose 
of shooting at wild watei'-fowl therefrom, northward of the 
line named and described in section 380. . .without first ob- 
taining- a license to so use and employ the same as is herein- 
after provided." 

The license fee for a sink box was $20, and for a sneak 
boat $5. Section 11 of the same act requires that they make 
oath that they are bona fide residents of the State, and a fine 
of $50 to $100 was ])rovid('d for violating any of the license 
ju'ovisions, one-half of which was to be paid to the informer 
and one-half to the school commissioners of the county. 

Tn 1876, the use of sink boxes in the waters of Anne 
Arundel county with certain exceptions, or on Chesapeake 
Bay within the limits of the comity, was restricted to li- 
censed residents of the county, these costing $30 each. In 
1882 licenses at $2 each (and a clerk's fee of 50 cents) Avere 
required for the use of ''booby or bush" blinds on the Mago- 
thy, Severn, and South rivers. It is noticed, hoAvever, that 
the issue of licenses for blinds Avas not restricted to residents, 
and that the owner could extend to any person the priAdlege 
of shooting from his blind during the open season. 

In 1878 residents of Cecil county were required to get 
licenses, costing $10, to use sink boxes on the AA^aters of the 
Elk and Bohemia riA^ers; and in 1880 similar $10 licenses 
had to be obtained in Queen Anne county, and in Cecil and 
Kent counties for the use of sink boxes on the Sassul'ras 
riA'er. 

In Canada, a sijecial $5 license came into use in the 
Pr<^^•ince of Quebec in 1887. This license Avas different 
from ordinarA^ licenses in being issued only for killing fi\"e 
deer and fiA^e caribou in excess of the limit prescribed by 
laAv. - The system of general resident licenses apparenth^ 
originated in Michigan in 1895 as a measure to restrict the 
slaughter of deer, Init AA'as being adA^ocated in Illinois at 
about the same time. 



218 THE AXCiLKlJ AXD KFX'I'SMAN 

THE LAW BREAKER: 

All s])()rtsiiK'ii realize the great benefits that accrue to 
them ill those states where game and fish laws have been 
properly enforced, because all true si)ortsmen believe in the 
])]'inciple of conservation of the natural resources of the 
country. 

The various states having game and fish commissions 
a])preciate the Ivindly interest shown by the advocates of 
conservation, 1 am sure, and it is (or should be) the aim of 
the State Commission to render direct and personal service 
to every hunter, every farmer, every angler, ever}^ lover of 
Avild life, and to inform the public of the work they intend 
to do for the common good. 

Sometimes the charge is made that the Game and Fish 
Laws were designed for a few city sportsmen. It is ad- 
mitted that about 90 per centum of the hunters' licenses are 
issued to persons living within corporate limits of cities and 
towns (in States where a landowner is permitted to hunt on 
his own land in season without license), and improved con- 
ditions will add much to his pleasure, but the real benefit is 
to the landowner in the protection he is getting because of 
fewer numbers of trespassers and gangs of irresponsible 
and careless persons that formerly trailed across his farm 
in season and out. Under old conditions in most States, to 
protect his property, it was necessary to personally swear 
out a warrant and prosecute for trespass; now he has the 
added service of a Game Warden in all, or nearly all States 
who when the offender is hunting without license or out of 
season, will relieve him of a disagreeable job, and prosecute 
offenders in the name of the State, which is one good and 
sufficient reason for the maintenance of a State Fish and 
Game Commission and Game Warden in every State in the 
Union. 

The sport of pursuing game and fish is delightful, 
every sportsman knows, but if this pleasure was eliminated, 
the economic value of our game and fish alone, makes it 



THE AXGLER AND HFNTSMAX 219 

^^■o^th our while to surround them with every law and safe- 
guard necessary for their protection and conservation. In 
order to protect them, effective laws not only must be en- 
acted, but ENFORCED with fairness to all and injustice to 
none. If this is not done promptly our remaining fish and 
game stands face to face with utter extermination ; our game 
birds may suffer the same fate of the Carrier Pigeon and 
the historic Auk. 

It is the aim of the several States, or should be, to en- 
deavoi' to increase the supply of game and fish for the bene- 
fit and enjoyment of our home people who can not take long 
and expensive journeys to distant game fields where they 
are abundant. If all the people who hunt will take out their 
license, this would give each State sufficient funds to look 
after the protection and conservation of the game and fish 
in a businesslike way. 

Every S]3ortsman will agree that the man who hunts 
without his license, or who hunts out of season, is a cheater 
and is robbing you — each brother — who are complying with 
the law ; he should be made to obey the mandates of the law. 
Statistics show that when the law is known 85 per centum of 
the people obey it ; of the other 15 per centum, 10 per centum 
will behave themselves when once corrected; the other 5 per 
centum must be continually watched and made to realize that 
the strong hand of the law^ will punish them whenever 
])ossible. 

It is recognized by State officials that before any law 
can be properly enforced it is necessary to have public 
opinion in favor of such enforcement, and they ask for your 
assistance in placing clearly before the public the justice 
and reason for enforcing the Game and Fish Laws. They 
need your co-operation and the value of your influence. 

These facts are put before the angling and hunting fra- 
ternity in the hope that they will call your attention to the 
fact that co-operation is a necessity, and will work to your 
own individual advancement. 



220 THE AX(iLKH AND HUNTSMAX 

Hel]) your State to prove to the people the vahie and 
economic reason for strict enforcement of the law. The 
great majority of these laws are just and reasonaljle, and 
much more liberal than is really consistent Avitli absolutely 
effective conservation of our swiftly diminishing wild life. 
Help them to get the facts before the people ; uphold the law 
in your own (M)mnuuiity; be a good exami^le to your fellow- 
man in abiding l)y the law yourself, and be jealous of its vio- 
lation by others. 

It is easy to criticize, and hard to ])erform. (rive the 
designatcnl authorities your kindly assistance in return for 
the great good they are rendering the cause you, as Avell as 
they, have deeply at heart. 

One farmer, who was either aiming to be exceedingly 
generous or else very sarcastic, posted a notice on his farm 
which reads as follows: 

"Hunters, Take Notice : Hunt all you durn please and 
when you hear the horn blow, come to the house for dimier. 
If you accidentally kill a cow, skin her and hang the hide in 
the barn. Jf the quail are scarce, kill a chicken or two, and 
if you can't get any squirrels kill a hog." 

Game Refuges and Live Stock: 

Forest Examiner Ward Sheppard, of Bernalillo 
(jounty. New jNIexico, writing in the Breedei's' Gazette, has 
this to say on the subject — a subject of most timely interest 
to the sportsman : 

"A step of great im])ortance to the conservation (»f tlie 
remnant of wild game in the western United States was 
taken at the late meetings of the two national live stock asso- 
ciations at Salt Lake City. E('S(>lutions were passed ex- 
pressing the interest of the stockmen in this problem, and 
urging u])on the Government the creation of Federal game 
refuges within the National F< ►rests, A great body of }>rac- 
tical men who, through intimate contact Avith the question 
know the ])resent status and future value of <nir game ani- 



I 
I 



THE AXGLEK AN!) HI'XTSMAX 221 

mals, have eoiniiiitted th(nuselves to tlic .^ame refuge idea 
as tlie means of savino- from extinction the beasts and l)irds 
that liave formed so picturesque an element of western 
American life. 

"Admitting' the principle of game refuges — a step that 
gives hope to every game conservationist — the stockmen 
have qualified their endorsement with a restriction which, 
if put into effect, would ])lace enormous difficulties in the 
Avay of reaping the fruits of this rational method of game 
conservation and i:)ropagation. They wish to have these 
refuges restricted to areas where the grazing of live stock 
will not be interfered with in any way. Presu.mably this 
means areas unsuitable for the grazing of cattle or sheep. 
Briefly, the Federal game refuge plan ])rovides for the set- 
ting aside, through Act of Congress and Presidential procla- 
mation, of certain areas of National Forest land whereon 
hunting would ])e forbidden. These areas, so far from ])eing 
co-extensive with the National Forests, would be compara- 
tively small, but in sufficient numbers to form reservoirs of 
gauK^ animals which could breed in safety from molestation, 
and which would overflow^ into the surrounding country. 
The principle is alialogous to the principle in forestry, of 
saving seed-trees from the axe to assure a future crop of 
trees, or to the principle in stockraising of preserving an 
unimijaired breeding stock. 

"The stock associations apparently desire to have these 
])reeding grounds restricted to regions which, by the rough- 
ness of their topography or the nature of their vegetation or 
from other causes, are unsuital)le to the grazing of range 
stock. This restriction is apparently based uj^on the mis- 
taken assumption that stock grazing will be excluded from 
the refuges, as in Yellowstone Park grazing is not allowed. 
This assumption is erroneous. There is no intention, in 
any responsible quarter, of making such an exclusion. The 
game refuge plan will permit a relatively small number of 
game animals — particularly deer — to live unharmed either 
(^n Avaste land or on ranges chiefly devoted to stock grazing. 



222 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

That wild ^aiiie will flourish where domestic stock can not 
earn a living" is well known to an^yone conversant with wild 
life. Nevertheless, the restriction suggested would, if 
adopted, seriously interfere with the game refuge plan; and 
there are other remedies which would i'ully protect the in- 
terests of stockmen. 

''The areas of western mountain range unsuitable to 
the grazing of domestic stock are comparativeh^ small and 
scattered. The term 'unsuitable' is in itself a relative one. 
Suitability is largeh^ controlled by the factors of accessi- 
Idlity, Avater and type of vegetation; and the first two fac- 
tors are frequent! 3^ subject to human control. Areas which 
are unsuitable for stock, owing to difficulty of access and 
lack of Avater, and which may nevertheless be adaptable to 
the propagation of wild game, are frequently made acces- 
sible by trails and bridges and usable through the develop- 
ment of watering places. 

' ' It is safe to sa}^ that most wild animals do not inhabit 
the most rugged and inaccessible regions tlM'ough choice, 
but from necessity. They are driven thither by their ene- 
mies — above all, by their arch-enem}^ man. Elk and deer 
once were abundant in the plains and foothill region east 
of the Rockies. Rough topography is unquestionably a 
strong factor in the protection of game animals from ex- 
tinction; but the very things which render it unfavorable 
for stockraising — lack of water, lack of feed, difficulty of 
travel — likewise render it unfavorable for the propagation 
of game, though less so than in case of domestic animals. It 
then follows that if the question at issue is the preservation 
of a breeding stock of game, and the propagation of a supply 
for hunting, favorable conditions must be afforded for 
these purposes. If the stockmen are really concerned about 
game conservation they must apply to game breeding the 
same line of reasoning they apply to stock breeding, allow- 
ing of course for the difference in habits between the two 
classes of animals. They must recognize the necessity ol 
providing the three essentials of feed, water and practicable 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 223 

country. Recognizing tins necessity, they will then realize 
that they have several forms of protection against any undue 
competition for range by wild game. The most important 
of these safeguards are (1) difference in habits between 
Avild and domestic animals, (2) limitation in size of refuges, 
(3) control of refuges through flexible administrative regu- 
lations analogous to the grazing regulations of the United 
States Forest Service, (4) control of amount of game 
through the hunting of the surplus stock. 

'^It is well known that such animals as deer and moun- 
tain sheep can do well where domestic stock can not. Of the 
western game animals it can safely be asserted that the wild 
sheep and the Rocky Mountain goat will never compete 
with live stock, since, b}^ preference, they inhabit the most 
inhospitable fastnesses. The elk, it must be admitted, does 
compete with live stock ; but the elk will never come back. 
In the case of the deer, we are concerned with a browsing 
animal which will never offer any serious competition with 
domestic herds. jSTo one can point out an authentic in- 
stance of deer hampering the live stock industry, and there 
are no conditions in the West under which they can conceiv- 
ably do so. As for turkey and other game birds, the ques- 
tion of competition does not enter at all ; they are an invalu- 
able by-product which in no wise interferes with stockrais- 
ing. The difference in habits must ])e taken full advantage 
of, and game refuges should where possible be limited to 
the areas that are least suitable for stock grazing. 

''A cardinal factor of a successful game refuge policy, 
however, lies in geographical location. The refuges must be 
in sufficient numbers and so situated as to assure a supply 
of game in every region where it is desirable. There ma}^ or 
may not be Avaste range unsuitable for stockraising. Where 
there is no waste range this fact should not bar the creation 
of a needed refuge, for the refuge will not exclude stock 
grazing or interfere with it. In some cases the refuges will 
embrace lands both suitable and unsuitable for domestic 
animals, but in any event, with the single exception of the 



2-!4 'I'HK AX(iLKl{ AND Krx'rs:siAX 

oik, tlic coinpctitioii Ix'twcen ,i>'ani(^ and live stock will he 
ii(\i'lij;il)le; and so far as the elk is conc'crncd there is little 
probability that any attempt will l)e made to brin^- him 
hack in large nnnil)ers on the Xational Forests. Like the 
bnffalo, he was doomed to go as a free-ranging game animal. 
and henceforth he will necessarily be localized. 

"Another imx)ortant safeguard to stockraising interests 
lies in the limited size of the ])rop()sed refnges. None of the 
proponents of refnges ex])ects or desires the creation of 
game preserves coextensive with the National Forests. 
Even if an}^ did so desire, the.y wonld be faced by insnr- 
monntable obstables. The Tocking np of resources is alien 
to the spirit of the Forest Service; all it insists upon is the 
]n'udent use and protection which will assure a permaneiit 
supply of these resources. The locking up of gamc^ re- 
sources in i)articTdar is foreign to the democratic ideal of 
American sportsmanship, which would never tolerate any- 
thing that remotely a])])roached the European system of 
special privileges in the chase. What is desired is a com- 
paratively large numl^er of small refugees which would have 
to be located geographically as to assure an overflow of 
game to the suri'ounding regions ada])ted to it, in sufficient 
immbers to satisfy the legitimate demands of sportsmen. 
In the location of these refuges there is no reason why the 
stockmen should not have an imi:>ortant influence. 

"Game refuges within the National Forests would l)e 
undei- the administrative jurisdiction of the Secretary of 
Agriculture, as are the forests themselves. The National 
Forests were and are created under a general enabling stat- 
ute by Congress, which authorizes the Secretary of Agri- 
culture to ])romulgate rules and regidations for their gov- 
ernance. These regulations have the force of law. Ad- 
]ninistrative regulations of this kind are the most flexible 
system of laws yet devised. Everyone is acquainted with 
tiie enormous difficvdty of changing statutory laws; it is 
much easier to secure changes in administrative regulations. 
Here then is a safeguard whose value can not be overesti- 



THE AXGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 225 

mated. The stockmeu, being funclameutally interested in 
game, can, through their local and national advisory boards, 
secure the protection of their vital interests in helping to 
shape the whole policy of game refuges. 

"The interest of stockgrowers in Avild game is not a 
mere sentimental one. There is a privately-owned fenced 
i'ange in a ew ^Mexico containing one of the largest herds of 
antelope remaining in the Southwest. They are carefully 
protected, and their presence on that range adds materially 
to the selling price of the outfit. Sportsmen and stockmen 
have at least one vital interest in common: the extermina- 
tion of predatory animals, which prey indiscriminately on 
wild game and domestic stock. In New Mexico the State 
game protective association, with a membership of ],2(i0 
sportsmen, is actively engaged in the campaign against pre- 
datory animals. Wherever there is any game sportsmen 
and stoclonen will unite in a relentless warfare against these 
enemies of valuable animals. The exclusion of himting 
from certain areas of range will in itself be a benefit to 
stock interests. 

' ' Game conservationists do not wish or expect to have 
the National Forests overrun with great herds of mid game. 
They do wish and hope to assure its ]3i"eservation and to gi^^e 
-a reasonable amoiuit of wholesome sport to the avv-^rage 
xA.merican citizen. Any surplus of game animals is easily re- 
]n()vable. The killing of game can be regulated on a vohune 
])asis, as the amount of stock on a given range is now regu- 
lated on a volume basis. There will always be a hundred 
guns to every deer; if a surplus of game on game refuges 
should ever menace the live stock industry (a menace now 
inconceivable) the remedy would lie in permitting the sur- 
plus to be killed. 

"Any man interested in the preservation of the magnif- 
icent game animals of our western mountains will admit 
that the present protective system is a failure. The game 
is going. Much of it is near the vanishing point. Long- 
closed seasons are difficult to obtain, and are far less de- 



226 THE AXGLEir AND HUNTSMAN 

sirable from the stoeknian's viewpoint than game refuges, 
for the reason that they are inflexible. The game refuge is 
the last hope. Unless it comes, America will be a gameloss 
continent. What rider of the rang'e is willing, for the sake 
of a paltry mouthful of browse, to forego the thrill of seeing 
the supple form of a white-tail buck vanish into the fringing 
timber of a mountain park?- What man 'blooded to the 
open and the sky, ' wishes to see the far-flung, ample moun- 
tain ranges of the West stripped of every vestige of animal 
life that can not be converted into dollars and cents? The 
sportsman of the West calls upon the stockgrowers of the 
West to dismiss imaginar}^ fears, and to say the word that 
will give impetus to the one remaining chance of preserving 
from annihilation the wild life of western America. ' ' 

The foregoing presents the case fairly and accurately. 
The stockgrowers, the farmers, of this great country have it 
in their own hands to materially aid in conserving the fast 
fading game supply. I considered this such an excellent 
exposition of the basic facts in the case that I desired to have 
ever}' reader of this book study it, hence its incorporation 
herein. It is high time the farmers and the sportsmen got 
together and worked together for the common good. \ 

Things To Remember: 

The sportsman in the field or mountains without match- 
es can start his campfire b}^ the aid of his shotgun. It has 
been successfull,y experimented upon and is both simple and 
feasible. First, make ^^reparations to start your fire from 
the flame b}^ building up your wood ready to light, standing 
kindlings up on end against the larger sticks wigwam fash- 
ion, leaving an opening at the bottom for the tinder, shred- 
ded bark, dry pine slivers or any dry splinter pounded be- 
tween two rocks, any of which make good tinder. After re- 
moving the shot from the cartridge, sprinkle the most of the 
powder on the tinder, leaving only a few grains in the shell. 

NOTE: — We are indebted to the Sportsman's Review for "Things to Remember." 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 227 

Then tear a bit of dry cotton cloth with fluffy edges (a bit 
of lining from your clothes if nothing else is available), fill 
this loosely into your emptied cartridge. Put the shell 
into your gun and fire straight into the air. The cloth will 
drop close to you and either be aflame, or at least smoulder- 
ing, so that you can easily blow it into a blaze. Drop this 
quickly into your tinder and your fire is made. 

Accidents from the handling of firearms, much are they 
to be regretted, are bound to occur so long as there remain 
so many careless handlers of the gun. If you have a boy, 
make him a present of a gun early in life, but instruct him 
carefully how to handle it, and he will have no trouble all 
through life. It' s just a matter of getting started out right. 
One of the highest accomplishments of a man's life is to 
know how to shoot w^ell, and this is another argument to be- 
gin early. 

The California Fish and Game Commission tells what 
to do with a deer : 

To transport a deer on a saddle horse throw a rope 
across the saddle, pulling a loop of it forward through each 
cinch ring. 

Place the buck across the saddle and i)^^ "t^® head 
through one loop and the haunches through the other. 

Draw the ends of the rope tight, make a loop in one, 
reeve the other through it and make fast. 

To skin a deer head for mounting, cut the skin around 
the neck well down on the shoulder and breast. 

Then cut along the upper side of the neck to the top of 
the head. Thence make diagonal cuts, one to each horn. 

Cut off the ears close to^he skull, turn them inside out, 
and cut away the meat, leaving the cartilage. Skin care- 
fully around the eyes. Cut the lips close to {ho skull, leav- 
ing them attached to the skin. Split them trniii tiie inside 
and fill the cut with salt. 

Rub plenty of salt into the flesh-side of all parts of the 
skin and let it dry slowly in the shade or roll it up hair side 
in and ship at once to a taxidermist. 



228 I'HK AX(i!j:i; and h lxtsmax 

To butcher a deer, hang it up ])y the hind legs, slit the 
skin along- the middle breast and belly and to the end of 
the tail; then along the inside of each leg. 

Cut off the feet at the joints and peel off the skin. Cut 
through the wall of the abdomen without piercing the in- 
testines; loosen the diaphragm at the back and sides; cut 
away the lower intestine close to the bone and empty out 
the entire contents of the carcass. Split the breastbone with 
a hatchet. 

The best cuts of venison are the saddle and haunch. 

To make jerked venison or "jerky" use lean meat cut 
into strips about one-half inch wide. Lay these side by side 
on a frame made of slats or poles supported about four feet 
from the ground and keep a small smoky fire going under- 
neath until the meat is thoroughly dry. 

Fresh meat should be hung up and protected from 
flies by cheesecloth. 

America for the first time in liistory now leads the 
world in all breeds of dogs. This was brought about by the 
world war, during which most of the famous kennels of Eu- 
rope were practically wiped out and the cream of breeds 
scattered broadcast . As a result lovers of the different 
breeds are expected to come to this country in quest of the 
fine blood which is concentrated here. " The Shepherds 
(formerly the German Sheepdog), Belgians, Airedales, Fox 
Terriers and Brussels Griffons are almost a rarity abroad 
now. At the beginning of hostilities entire kennels of these 
war dogs were turned over to the various governments, and 
few are left to be returned to their former owners. Man>' 
of them were killed in action and others died from various 
causes in the trenches. They did yeoman work for human- 
ity. Hundreds of fanciers will now endeavor to replenish 
their kennels and America is th(^ only country which will 
be able to help carry out their plans. A golden opportunity 
now presents itself to the American dog fanciers. 

CaiH^fullv extinguish your camp-fire when hviving. To 



THE AXGLEE AND HUXTSMAX 229 

show YOU how disastrous forest fires have become in late 
years, the President in 1918 had to authorize a loan of one 
million dollars to the Forest Service for fire-fighting ex- 
penses, to meet the serious emergency conditions in the 
National Forests of the Xorthwest and the Pacific Coast 
States. The loan was made from the special defense fund 
of fifty million dollars placed at the disposal of the Presi- 
dent by Congress. While only a small, percentage of blame 
can be placed at the door of the outer, it behooves each 
sportsman to carefully extinguish camp-fires. If w^e would 
guard the wild life that remains, we should use every means 
to prevent forest fires at our disposal. 

The hunter has indeed arrived! Each returned soldier 
is intensely imbued with the spirit of sportsmanship caused 
by living and camping out as did our primitive fore- 
bears, and the brotherhood of man is now more fully 
apparent than ever before. 

Fox-hunters of the old school believe that a fat fox 
caught in the fall denotes a hard winter. 

If all hunters would Avear red coats when hunting, this 
would doubtless reduce the number of fatalities greatly 
from accidental shooting. 

The United States Department of Agriculture suggests 
the folloTving ways of more largely utilizing the deer kill: 

''Do not kill a spike buck or doe when you can obtain 
a f ull-grow^n buck. 

''Do not kill a deer when weather conditions or diffi- 
culties of transportation prevent saving the meat. 

"Save every poimd of meat. 

"Save the skin and the head also if the antlers are in 
good condition. 

"Do not shoot deer at night, or in the water, or un- 
less you can clearly see the animal aimed at is a full-grown 
buck. Failure to observe this rule usually results in a vio- 
lation of the game laws, and often in the loss of human life." 



2)^0 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

To Soften Boots and Shoes: 

Kerosene is good to soften boots or shoes that liavo 
been hardened b}^ water. 

To Destroy Cockroaches: 

Sprinkle liellebore on the camp floor at night. The 
cockroaches will eat it and get poisoned. 

To Preserve Soap: 

Cnt the bars of soap into small pieces, which will be- 
come hard and last longer. This is the economical way. 

To Prevent Lamp Wicks From Smoking. 

Soak the wicks, in vinegar, after which dry them tlior- 
oughly. • 

Insect Stings and Bites: 

Hartshorn should be applied to the affected part. This 
will stop the pain and prevent further swelling. Oil of sas- 
safras is also good, especially for bee stings. 

To keep matches dry, cork them in a tight bottle. 

You can easily catch frogs with a hook and line baited 
with a bit of red flannel, which is also a good lure for fish 
in certain Avaters at given times. 

Take one part rosin, two parts beeswax, three parts 
tallow, if 5^ou want a good waterproof oil for boots and 
shoes. 

It is generally understood among hunters that a dis- 
tress signal consists of three shots in rapid succession, fol- 
lowed a moment later by another shot. 

What to do when you get lost: Don't lose your head, 
but sit right down and think. Don't w^ander on and on, 
thinking you'll eventually find your way out; usually you 
won't; you'll only get farther <tff the track. Camp right 
where you are until aid can reach you, or you can take time 
to study out where you are and how t(^ get back Avhere you 
started from. 



I 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 231 

Use This Match-Box to Light Your Cigar in the Strongest 

Wind: 

Now comes an invention, patented, by George Frank 
Wangh, a private in the U. S. Army, which seems to solve 
the difficulty of lighting a match in the wind. It is con- 
tained in Popular Science Monthly, as follows: The de- 
vice is simple. A small, round hole is made near one end 
of the cover of an ordinary match-box. Some abrasive ma- 
terial is pasted on the corresponding end of the tray itself. 
In order to light your" cigar, slide open the cover of the box 
until the hole is free, insert your match in the hole and strike 
it on the abrasive material on the end of the box. The re- 
leased end of the cover provides a small walled-in space, in 
the shelter of which the cigar can be quickly and conven- 
ientl.y lit. 

Sure you must carry your hunting license Avith you, as 
this has been the law for years. If it was not there you 
might go back home and get a permit after the warden had 
caught you. Practice safety first by always toting your 
license along. 

The wife of a Methodist minister in West Virginia has 
been married three times. Her maiden name was Partridge, 
her first husband Avas named Robins, her second Sparrow, 
the present Quale. There are now tw^o ^'^oung robins, one 
sparrow and three little quales in the family. 

One grandfather was a Swan and another a Jay, but 
he's dead now and a bird of Paradise. They live on Hawk 
ave., Eagleville, Canary Island, and we'll bet the fellow we 
borrowed this item from is a Lyre and a relative of the 
family. 

Backwoods Lights: 

During the 'flightless nights" enforced during the late 
war, even city folks learned to use backwoods lights, such 
as blazing tallow dips, fir cones and pine knots. All these 
appeared in the city of Philadelphia during the war. 



232 THE AXGLER AXD HUXTSMAX 

In the Bustletoii district, on tlie small truck farms, blaz- 
ing pine knots took the place of coal oil, being used for out- 
door pur]wses also. Fastened to the tops of posts, first 
made fireproof by being covered with turf, they blazed 
aAA^ay, throwing out a brilliant light (if a bit fitful), and 
filling the air with the fragrance of burning pitch. 

Incidentally, it was discovered that the smoke and 
fumes of the blazing knots proved an effective mosquito ex- 
terminator. At least, where they were used to any extent 
few mosquitoes lingered 'roimd to torment one in the early 
evening, it Avas found; 

In the same section of Pennsyh'ania pine or fir cones, 
first dipped in a solution made by putting fats in coal oil and 
turpentine, Avere also found good for oiTtdoor illumination. 
Those AAdio liaA^e tried both say that the cone does not last as 
long, although, while burning, it produces a brighter and 
steadier light. 

Quite a novel use is being made of pine knot illimiina- 
tion by canoeists, and this is an item that may interest the 
|)ros]3ectiA'e outer, who does not care to burden himself down 
with lanterns, or other lighting apparatus. 

Putting AAvay The Tackle: 

When the season for fishing is OA'er, anglers who pos- 
sess first-class tackle will be ready to store it away for the 
Avinter. The artificial flies aa^II be gone OATr carefully one 
by one, the fly-book sterilized and AA^hen the flies are placed 
therein sprinkled with camphor to keep out moths and silver 
fish. All snooked hooks will be inspected, placed in pack- 
ages, and laid with tested leaders in the taclde-box. The 
lines will be carefully gone OA^er, dried, perhaps oiled, and 
rewound carefully on the reels. The rods also will be given 
attention and either sent to the tackle store to be overhauled, 
straightened, rcAvrapped and reshellaced, or this will be done 
at home during the Avinter months. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 233 

How to Repair Shot Chargers: 

In the repairing of shot chargers of a gun, the usual 
method is to remove the lever and put the stud back in place. 
Wet the joint inside the charger with soldering acid. After 
holding it with the stud downwards, apply a bit of soft solder 
upon the joint, liolding it until it melts over an alcohol 
lamp. In case the lever spring slips out, take any kind of 
cartridge primer which has had the priming removed and 
put inside it a drop of soldering acid with a bit of solder. 
After warming it up till the solder fuses, and after it has 
cooled the charger should be wet with a bit of the acid where 
the spring's bend comes, placing the primer with the solder 
directly in contact with the wet place. After holding over 
the lamp until the solder is melted, replace the spring. 

Keep Within The Law: 

AVhen the sportsman goes hunting, he goes with the in- 
tention of keeping within the law. He buys a license. He 
knows the money realized from the sale of these licenses is 
used by his State Game and Fish Department to protect 
game and fish. He understands that this ]3rotection is his 
benefit, as it increases the amount of game and fish in his 
State. 

Another law the true sportsman ahvays obeys when out 
hunting is the "bag limit." By carefully complying with 
this law he knows he is co-operating with the designated au- 
thorities to increase the game and fish. 

The Case Against The Crow: 

The crow is generalh^ known to be one of the greatest 
destroyers of bird life on the American continent. It is an 
arch-enemy of game birds and crops. The Pennsylvania 
Game Commission has estimated that each crow destroys 
more wild life annually than any fox, weasel, wildcat, mink 
or human hunter. 



2:>4 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAX 

During the first several weeks of their life, the young of 
game birds and of perching birds are fed on animal food, 
chiefly in the form of insects, and each will consume daily 
an amount cMjual to its own weight. 

A young crow while on the nest will consume an amount 
of food equal to three or four times its own weight, and only 
a small part of this food consists of insects. Most of it is 
made up of eggs or the young of other birds which, if left 
alive,' would be of benefit in the protection of crops. 

In addition to the harm done in destroying useful birds, 
crows spread contagious and infectiA^e disease. 

Crow shooting forms a fascinating and useful sport, 
and is one we can engage in without the danger of being 
called a "game hog," for the more of them we kill, the 
greater our service to other game life. 

What can be accomplished when the sport is properly 
organized is illustrated by the activities of the "Crow Shoot- 
ers and Would-be Crow Shooters" of Canton, South Dakota. 
Each year they hold a crow hunt. In the last two hunts a 
total of 158 shooters participated and a total of 516 crows 
were killed. 

The Flight of Game Birds: 

While there is a good deal of variation in the speed ct 
flight of game birds, the table given below may ])e taken as 
a most accurate approximation of the comparative speed at 
which the better known wild birds fly. 

The crow may be taken as an example of the slower fly- 
ing birds, which travel at a rate of 35 to 55 feet per second, 
with an average speed of 45 miles per hour, while many 
species of hawks attain a remarkable speed, some going as 
fast as 200 feet a second. 



THE AXGLER AXD HUXTSMAX 235 

The table follows : 

Bird. Feet per 

second. Average. 

Quail 65 to 85 75 

Ruffed Grouse 60 to 90 75 

Snipe 50 to 70 65 

Wood Duck 70 to 90 80 

Canada Geese 100 to 120 110 

Red Head 110 to 130 120 

Canvas-back 130 to 160 145 

Mallard 55 to 90 75 

Teal 120 to 110 130 

It may be said that if ducks are frightened they can 
reach maximum speed at will, and this sprinting flight is 
usually what the gunner has to make allowance for. On 
the other hand, many wildfowl are jumped and killed while 
hovering over decoys and moving slowly, and birds like 
snipe and quail are often killed before they have attained 
full speed. Upland birds are not often shot while passing 
the gun at right angles, but going straight away, quartering 
or twisting. 

Pigmy People Lazy, But Great Hunters: 

High up on the slopes of Mount Mariveles, in the Phil- 
ippine Islands, dwell the last remnants of an ancient and 
mysterious race — the negritos, or "little negroes." 

Scientists differ hopelessly as to their origin and his- 
tory, but the visitor who is fortunate enough to penetrate 
into their carefully hidden villages finds the quaint little 
people extremely interesting. 

Tho' they are disinclined to work, the negrito is inde- 
fatigable in the chase, and will hunt all day without any- 
thing to eat but the mango, or banana, that he may seize as 
he rushes by. If the dogs are scarce for any reason, women 



236 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

are pressed into service, and these go loping- through the 
brush, ye]|)ing in Imitation of the canines for whom they 
are snbstitnted. 

Sometimes a beater will emerge from the brush carry- 
ing a pig he has encountered and killed or, mor6 important 
still, bringing news of the sighting of a python. In such a 
case th(* whole hunt is called in and its energies directed to 
the capture of the big snake, which, when killed, is carried 
in triumphal jjrocession to the village, where it furnishes a 
feast for all who can be gathered for the festive occasion. 

The Calling of Ducks: 

No matter whether one shoots ducks over decoys, on the 
pass, jumping or wading, the call is very essential. Yet of 
the great number of men who shoot, comparatively few are 
able to call well or with judgment. Nor is it necessary to 
cultivate many different calls. Two or three are quite 
enough. 

For the inland water-fowl, mallard, widgeon, teal, gray- 
duck, spoon-bill, wood-duck, black-duck and all non-diving 
ducks, the mallard and teal call is sufficient. In fact, the 
mallard call alone is usually enough for the attraction of all 
non-diving ducks. 

For diving or deep-water ducks, the blue-bill call will 
answer, although if one has also at command the purring call 
(^f the redhead, it will greatly help in the day's sport. In 
shooting over ordinary waters where sport is to be had at 
redlieads, blue-bills, broad-bills, whistlers, butter-balls and 
others of this class, most of the ducks will respond readily 
to the blue-bill or the broad-bill call. Blue-bills are great 
callers, and on calm days can be heard hailing every passing 
flock. Sometimes the blue-bill calls the ker-r-r once, then 
twice and three times, and occasionally even four times. 
When they are feeding they often sound a contented kind of 
chuckle which is similar to that of the mud-hen when un- 
disturbed. 



THE AXULER AND HUNTSMAN 237 

Sound travels a long way in a still marsh. When the 
call is loud the mallard, black-duck and widgeon detect 
easily the fraud in calls; therefore, it is well to modulate 
the voice in a marsh. Of ttimes these wary birds, after com- 
ing into a marsh in response to your call, will settle among 
your decoys; or they might alight outside of gun-range and 
study the decoys to satisfy themselves of their being all 
right. If not disturbed they will then slowly move toward 
the decoys, feeding and chuckling as they swim. 

Do not call too loud or too often. 

Call to attract the bird's attention to decoys, then modu- 
late your call. In a marsh remember the birds .can detect 
the imitation much more readily in a loud than in a muffled 
voice. 

For deep-water birds call louder, or else give a low 
chuckle that they can just hear. 

If birds start to circle away, a few low calls will often 
bring them back. 

When in open water, the birds will often go entirely 
around you to discover what the suspicious bunch of weeds 
contains, and at such a time lie low and do not try to keep 
them in sight all the while. Your moving will scare them 
away quicker than anything else. Lie low, and stay low, 
and if the birds come in do not jump up if you happen to be 
on shore. Rest just high enough to clear your blind when 
you shoot. Be assured the ducks' eyes are on the shore side, 
for there is where they watch for danger, and any movement 
sends -them scattering. 

Are Fish Color-Blind? 

Ever and anon this question bobs up somewhere in 
print. It is, has been, and apparently always will be, a 
much mooted question for a lot of fellows who do not stop 
a moment and do a little common-sense thinking. 

All anglers know that a trout will bite at a certain color 
fly at a certain season. No other color will appeal to the 



2o8 THE ANGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 

ti'out during that period. To our mind this is all the ])ro<)f 
required to convince even a candidate tor the feeble-minded 
institute that a fish can and does distinguish between colors. 

Have Fishes Memory? 

Experts in fish culture and piscatorial experiments are 
convinced that at least some of the fishes of the sea are en- 
dowed with memory, as well as other brain faculties that are 
often surprising. 

Capt. John Patton, former commander of a whaling 
vessel, upon his return from Alaska, is authority for the in- 
formation that the most astonishing results have been ob- 
tained, especially as regards the gray perch, which lives 
principally on small silvery hued sardine. 

He took some of these and colored them red, and they 
were then placed in the tank where the perch was, with sev- 
eral silvery sardines. 

Of course, the normal sardines were at once seized and 
devoured, but it was not until hungry that the perch made a 
tentative meal of one of the red colored victims. On recog- 
nizing the sardine flavor, however, he promptly demolished 
the remainder. 

Later the perch devoured the sardines irrespective of 
color, thus showing not only traces of a memory, but also 
the power to differentiate color. 

Subsequently sardines colored red and blue were jDlaced 
in the tank together with the silver ones. The same scene 
Avas repeated, the blue sardines not being attacked until the 
others were eaten and hunger compelled investigation of 
the newcomers. 

Where Birds Are Actually Used as Lamps: 

The price of coal-oil is not an item of interest to the 
inhabitants of the Island of St. Kilda, which is a favorite 
haunt of that animated oil-can, the fulmar. So rich is this 
sea bird in oil that the natives simply pass a wick through 



1 



THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 239 

its body and use it as a lamp. This oil is also one of the 
principal articles exported from the island. It is found 
in the birds' stomachs, is amber-colored, and has a peculiar- 
ly nauseous odor. The old birds are said to feed the yoimg 
with it, and when they are caught or attacked they lighten 
themselves by disgorging it. 

In St. Kilda it is legal to kill the fulmars only during 
one week of the year ; but during that week from eighteen 
to twenty thousand birds are slaughtered. 

The mutton-bird of the Antartic also carries its oil in 
the stomach and can eject this oil through the nostrils as a 
means of defense against enemies. Quantities of mutton- 
birds are slaughtered every year for their oil on the coasts 
of Tasmania and Xew Zealand. In its composition and 
properties this oil resembles very greatly tha oil of the 
sperm-whale. 

Tackle For Tarpon: 

A tarpon pole should be about seven feet long and made 
of carefully selected pieces of bamboo, greenheart, or some- 
thing similar. The guides should be very smooth and all 
precaution must be taken to prevent the wearing of the line. 
The reel must be carefully examined, and big enough to 
carry six hundred feet of line. A reel of inferior quality is 
apt to jam as soon as subjected to a great strain, and no one 
should ever try to economize in purchasing this part of the 
outfit. Hooks, too, must be of the best workmanship, as 
the mouth of the tarpon consists of almost solid bone, and it 
takes a good hook, indeed, to find lodgment in one 's mouth 
and hold fast. For trolling, piano wire leaders are used, 
vvhich seldom break under the heaviest strain, to which 
should be attached the best hooks you can buy. The leaders 
should be six feet in length. 

Besides the nuts used in confectioner}^ the Indian 
cashew tree yields an insect-repelling gum, a juice that 
makes indelible ink and three kinds of oil, one edible, the 
others used to tan fishing nets and preserve wood. 



240 J' HI-: AXULER AXD HUNTSMAN 

In Tasinaiiia all snakes are venomous, though only five 
are really deadly, and these are rarely encountered. 

The Australian continent is abundantly supplied with 
lizards, there being three hundred and ninety species re- 
corded, and they may be seen not only in woods and j)rairies 
and deserts, in the water, among rocks and in trees, but also 
in the less frequented city streets. 

The smallest known bird is a Central American hum- 
ming bird that is about the size of a bluebottle fly. 

The bill pouch of the pelican will hold from three to 
eight pounds of fish. 

Overcooked fish is dry and tasteless, while undercooked 
fish is not safe. 

The deepest place in the ocean yet found is off ^lin- 
danao, PhiMppine Islands — 32,088 feet. 

The most jjrimitive mammals, the monotremes, are con- 
fined to Australia. There is the platypus, a strange beast 
which lays eggs like a turtle, has horny pads for teeth and a 
bill like the duck ; its front feet are webbed and both back 
and front feet have claws. 

A good remedy for insect bites is to rub the skin with 
a little vinegar and water. Scented verbena leaves are said 
to have the same effect. 

Don't kill snakes unless you know that they are poison- 
ous. They keep down the rodents so injurious to agricul- 
ture. 

Goat's milk is much purer than cow's milk because the 
goat is immune to most of the infectious diseases that the 
cow is sub ject to. 

RECIPES FOR CAMP COOKING: 

Venison: 

The hunter should be familiar with the different parts 
of the deer and should know what each portion is best suited 
for. The shoulder is used for roasting. The fore-loin may 
be used for roasts and steaks ; the haunch or loin for roasts, 



THE ANGLER AND HT^NTSMAN 241 

steaks, and stews. Cut the ribs close and use for soup. 
This part is also good smoked. The breast may be baked 
or stewed. The scrag or neck for soup. The ideal deer for 
meat is the flesh of a female about four years old. Buck 
venison is also excellent, ])ut either male or female deer re- 
quires skill in dressing for preservation. 

Broiled Venison Steak: 

Venison steaks are best when broiled over a clear f ii*e, 
and they should be turned often. When done, season with 
salt and pepper to taste, pour over two tablespoonfuls (^f 
currant jelly melted with butter, if handy, and serve hot. 
Excellent steaks may be cut from the loin. 

Venison Hashed: 

Cut into small pieces, or slices, and place the trimmings 
and bones in a saucepan with just sufficient water to cover 
them. Stew thus for one hour. Then strain the liquid 
into a stewpan, add some small pieces of l)utter, rolled in 
flour, and the gravy left from the venison from the pre- 
vious meal. Add the meat, keeping it over the fire just a 
time sufficient to warm thoroughh% but not allowing it to 
come to a boil again. 

Fried Venison Steak: 

Cut a breast of venison into steaks. Take a fourth of 
a pound of butter and let it get hot in a pan. Rub the 
steaks with a mixture of a little salt and ]>epper ; dip them 
in flour, or if this is not handy, rolled craokers or bread 
crumbs will do, and fry to a rich ])rown. Take the meat up. 
Place a heaping teaspoonful of flour in the butter in the 
jjan and stir well until it browns, being careful not to ])urn 
it. Add a cup of boiling water with some currant jelly dis- 
solved into it if obtainable. Stir a little while and then 
strain it over the meat and serve at once. 



242 THE AXGLEE AXD H TNTSMAX 

Rabbit Fricassee: 

Brttwii some butter in a hot iron skillet. Then f I'v the 
hare, previously cut up, brown on both sides. Then cover 
the meat with hot water and stew until it is thoroughly 
tender, seasoning it to suit taste. When stewing is finished, 
let the meat again fry brown. 

To Roast or Bake Geese or Ducks: 

Wash in soda water, wipe dry. Stuff with a highly- 
seasoned dressing, using more onion than is commonly used 
for turkey or chicken, also a little sage. Dredge the fowl 
vrith salt, pepper and flour. Put a little water in the pan 
and baste often. Bake until tender, allowing twenty or 
twenty-five minutes to the pound. Serve with sauce. 

To Broil Squabs, Pigeons, Partridges: 

Here are two good ways, either of which may be used 
with success: 

Wash in soda water, wipe dry and put in a baking pan 
heated very hot. Put the skin side down and press it flat 
on the back inside of a hot oven. Cook about fifteen min- 
utes, turn the bird and cook until a nice brown. This 
usually requires thirty minutes. When done, season with 
salt and pepper and. pour melted butter over it. SerA-e with 
pastr}^ crullers. You can broil the bird on top of the stove 
on a hot griddle, or on a wire broiler over hot coals. 

Another way: Split bird down the back. Sprinkle 
with pepper and salt, dredge with flour and put in a piece 
of breakfast bacon under each wing and leg. Put three or 
four pieces of bacon in the broiler, or in the pan, and lay bird 
on it. Broil in the oven or over coals. If in the oven, l)aste 
with drippings from the bacon, and if there is not enough, 
use a little butter and water mixed. 

(Note : These are all tested . recipes furnished by 
brother sportsmen.) 



THE AXGLER AXD HUNTSMAN 243 

To Fry Fish, Game, Etc: 

Clean well, season, drop in hot fat and fry brown. Be 
sure the fat is hot, as this sears the outside, or surface, and 
retains the juices and game flavor. If fried in cold fat, this 
fries all the juice out and flavor as well, and makes the meat 
tough. Salt the meat after it is placed in the pan, when al- 
most done. 

Camp Coffee: 

To each cup of water put in one tablespoon of ground 
coffee, then add one for good measure. Put on in cold 
Avater and place on embers to boil. Just allow it to boil up 
once and remove pot from fire. Use just a little water, 
about one-fourth cup, to settle grounds, and serve steaming 
hot. 

Camp Tea: 

Allow one teaspoonful to each person, and one for good 
measure. Pour over fresh boiling water and set aside for 
few minutes to steep, then serve. 

Fish: 

To fry fish, dredge the pieces with flou.r or cornmeal, 
have ready hot lard or drippings sufficient to cover the 
pieces. When brown on one side, turn over in the fat and 
brown other, remove from frying pan, and serve w^ith to- 
mato sauce. 

To Fry Pan Fish: 

Select small fish. When they are fried quite brown 
ready to turn place cover over them, drain off fat, invert pan 
and they will be left unbroken on the plate. Put hot fat 
back in pan, place fish in pan as before and fry on other 
side. Drain and slip them on a Avarm platter and serA^e hot. 

Fried Eels: 

Clean eels Avell, cut in small pieces, wash and wipe them 
dry, roll in wheat flour, and fry as directed for fish, in hot 



244 THE angtj:r axd htxtsmax 

lard or other lard substitute. They should be cooked thor- 
ouiihlY done. 

Fried Halibut: 

Fry a few thin slices of salt pork in an iron frying pan : 
then take u]) but keep warm until the halil)ut is fried. 
Wash and dry the sliced halibut, season with salt and pe])- 
per, dredge with flour, and place the strips in the hot pork 
drippings and fry brown on both sides ; then serve the fish 
and the pork together. 

Fried Brook Trout: 

Clean, wash and dry the fish, split them to the tail, sea- 
son with salt and pepper, and roll in flour. Lard or the fat 
of fried salt ])ork may be used to fry them with. If lard is 
used, add a piece of butter to prevent sticking, and which 
also aids in browning them properly. Have your fat very 
hot; quick frying is essential. Serve hot. Usually fried 
with heads on. 

Fried Smelts: 

Fry with heads on, same as brook trout. 

Fried Frogs: 

This is the usual way to ]U'epare frogs. The hind legs 
and quarters are all that is used. Clean well, season, nnd 
fry in egg-batter, or if eggs are not available fry them in 
fat. 

Baked Pickerel: 

Clean and wipe the fish carefully, place it in the pan 
^vith just sufficient hot water to prevent scorching. Bake 
slowly, basting frequently with butter and water. When 
done, stir in two large spoons of melted butter, and season 
to taste. 

Fresh Salmon Fried: 

The slices should be cut about thi-ee-fourths inch thick. 
Dredge with flour, or dip in egg and roll in cracker crumbs. 



I 



THE AXGLEK AN!) HUNTSMAN 245 

Fry until a light broAvii. This method will answer for all 
large fish that has to be cut into steaks. Season to taste 
with salt and pepper. 

Boiled Bass: 

Thoroughly clean and place in a pan with enough water 
to cover; add two tablespoonfuls of salt; place pan over fire 
and allow it to boil about five minutes. Test, and if found 
done, take up and serve with tomato or some other sauce 
easily carried to camp with you. 

Boiled Fresh Cod: 

Sew up the portion of fish to. be cooked in a thin cloth, 
or if this is im])racticable tie it up as best yo,u can. Boil in 
salted water, allowing the water to be boiling when the fish 
is put in the pot; boil for about fifteen minutes to each 
pound. Unwrap and serve with any sauce you like or have 
with you. 

Game Soup: 

Take two grouse or two iDartridges ; three medimn- 
sized onions ; one can of dried beef ; some fried bread ; pep- 
per and salt and celery salt ; three quarts of water. 

Prepare and cut up the game, also cut the onions into 
small pieces, place in soup pot, add the beef, pour on the 
water, heat slowly and cook gently two houis. 

Fr^^ some bread in Ijutter and serve with the sou]). 

If the grouse or partridge is not at hand, a couple of 
rabbits will make a good substitute. 



to' 



Squirrel Soup: 

Prepare the squirrel for soup; add one teaspoonful 
salt ; one gallon water ; cover the soup pot close, place on back 
of cami3 oven to boil gently; add corn and other vegetables 
if obtainable. When meat has boiled tender, strain soup; 
then return soup to oven and boil gently 15 minutes. 



2M) THE AXGLKR AXD HUNTHMAX 

Thicken with flour and fJmoi' with celery salt; ser\(' with 
toasted bread. 

Green Turtle Soup: 

One turtle, seasoned with onions, juice of one lemon, 
four quarts of water. 

After removing entrails, cut meat into small pieces, add 
water and stew slowly until meat is tender, then add onions, 
pepper and salt, stew very slowly and do not let it cease boil- 
in,i>- during this time. Add additional water, if necessary; 
thicken with bi'own flour, sinmier a few minutes longeT. 
If there are eggs in the turtle cook separately, throw them 
in the soup when done before taking up soup. 

Roast Goose: 

A wild goese something less than one year old is best 
and the fatter the better. Stuff with bread crumbs and a 
goodly portion of butter, or salt pork if no butter is obtain- 
able. Bake two hours or longer. 

Roast Wild Duck: 

It is better, if the weather is cold, to keep a wild duck a 
few days before cooking. Before roasting, they should ))e 
parboiled, which will remove the fishy taste, that most ducks 
have. Place an onion inside the boiling duck. Carrot is 
good if you prefer. Season to taste with salt and ])e])]ier. 
Roast young ducks from twenty-five to thirt}^ minutes, 
grown ducks an hour or longer. Baste frequently. 

Canvas-Back Duck: 

This bird requires no seasoning, having a perfect fla- 
vor of its own. It feeds largely on wild celery, which ac- 
counts for its good flavor. Roast quickly over a hot fire. 
Dress the duck in the customary Avay by plucking, singeing, 
and drawing, then wipe with a wet towel or cloth, after 
which place in a pau, put in oven and roast, basting often. 
Roast for al^out thirty minutes. Most sportsmen prefer it 
a little rare. Serve hot. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 247 

Roast Pigeons: 

Pigeons slioiild be roasted same day killed, as they 
otherwise lose their flavor. They may be roasted iu the 
usual manner. Generally it requires from twenty to thirty 
minutes ' time. 

Woodcock Roasted: 

Pluck feathers, skin head and neck of bird, and when 
prepared place in pan, baste with butter, dredge with flour, 
and roast from fifteen to twenty minutes over a hot fire. 

Roasted Snipe : 

Prepare and roast same as woodcock, only not quite 
as long. 

Reed Birds: 

Prepare carefully, salt and dredge with flour, and roast 
over a quick fire about fifteen minutes. Serve on toast, and 
season to taste. 

Roast Quail: 

Steam them until they are quite tender, dredge with 
fiour, and dip well in butter, season with pepper and salt 
and roast about fifteen minutes. Roast Partridge, Roast 
Pheasants, and Roast Grouse prepared same as Roast Quail. 

Fried Rabbit: 

Thoroughly clean, w^asli, and j^lace in boiling water ; al- 
low it to boil ten minutes, then drain, and when cooled cut 
up, dip in egg and bread crumbs, season with salt and pep- 
per, and fry in butter or lard. Fry to a rich ])rown on both 
sides. To make ra])bit gravy, add a spoonful of flour and 
a cup of milk (canned if none other is obtainable) , and allow 
to boil once. 

Squirrel Fried: 

Cook this same as you cook fried rabbit. They may be 
also broiled or stewed. 



248 THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

HINTS TO SPORTSMEN: 

To Keep Meat Away From Flies: 

Tic u]) in sacks of muslin, after ])r('viously wrappinsj 
in paper. Hang it up in a cool, dry i>lace, out of reach of 
carniverous animals. The muslin allows the air to enter 
and it is really ]x4ter not to use paper, if the sack can be 
padded with straw, or something, so that tlie flies cannot 
i-eacli through. 

To Rid the Camp of Insects and Vermin: 

Take two pounds of alum and dissolve in three-fourths 
gallon of water. In order to thoroughly dissolve the alum 
allow it to stand over night. Apply with a brush, or rag, 
while boiling hot to cracks, holes, or wherever the insects 
and vermin are located. This is usually quite effective. 

To Make Tough Meat Tender: 

Tough meat may be made tender by laying it for a few 
moments in strong vinegar water. 

To Keep Ants Away From the Sugar Box: 

A heavy chalk mark laid all aroimd the sugar l)ox is 
said to be a safeguard against ants, as they will not cross 
the mark. 

To Keep Out Mosquitoes: 

Leave a bottle 'of the oil of pennyroyal uncorked in your 
tent, or camp hut, at night, which is effective in keeping out 
mosquitoes. 

To Keep Knives From Rusting: 

Steel knives not in constant use may be prevented from 
rusting if dipped in a strong solution of socla, made of one 
X»art water to four of soda. Then wipe dry, roll in flanm.'l, 
and keep in a dr}^ place. 



I 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 249 

Never Boil Tea: 

It dissolves from the tea tannin, which is not l^eiief icial 
to the digestion. 

How to Make Tea: 

Let the Avater 1)oi] hard. Take one teaspoonful of tea 
for each cup to be made, and add the boiling water. Let the 
water stand upon the tea leaves for five minutes, then serve. 
Tea should be made in an earthen pot, wdiich has previously 
been warmed by having hot water put into it before the tea 
is made. If you do not prefer the tea rather strong, let it 
only steep three or four minutes. 

How to Make Baking Powder Biscuits: 

2 cups flour ; 2 tablespoons lard ; 

1 teaspoon salt ; 1 cup sweet milk ; 

2 teaspoons baking powder; 
(Use water if you have no milk) . 

Sift fJour into a pan and with a large spoon measu^'e 
two cups, putting the flour into the cups gently, and not 
mashing it down. Put the flour that is measured back in 
the sifter and add to it two teaspoons of baking powder and 
one teaspoon of salt. Sift it all into the crock or a large 
bowl and add two tablespoons of lard. Rub the lard into 
the flour (" Crisco " is a good substitute if you have no lard) . 
Rub lard into the flour, using tips of fingers, or a spoon, 
until this is well mixed. Add the cup of sweet milk (or 
water) slowly, working the dough all the time with the fin- 
gers or spoon until it is as soft as it can be handled. Take 
the dough out of the crock and place it on a board sprinkled 
with flour. Work it with the hand just a little, then roll it 
out with a rolling pin to about one inch thick. (The empty 
olive bottle makes an ideal rolling pin). Cut with a small 
biscuit cutter, which may be the baking powder can, and put 
in a shallow pan. Bake in a hot oven for about fifteen min- 
utes until thoroughly done. 



250 THE AXGLER AND HIXTSMAX 

How to Make Soda Biscuits: 

2 cups flour 1 cup buttermilk 

1/^ teaspoou soda 2 tablespoons lard 

1 teaspoon salt 

Sift some flour into a pan, and with a large spoon meas- 
ure two cups, putting the flour into cup gently, and not 
mashing down. Put the flour that is measured back into 
ihe sifter and add to it one teaspoon of salt and one-half tea- 
spoon of soda. Rub the lard into the flour using tips of 
fingers, until it is mixed well. Add the cup of buttermilk 
slowly, working the dough all the time with the tips of the 
fingers, until it is soft as can be handled. Take the dough 
out of the crock and put on a board sprinkled with flour, 
T^^orking it with the hands or kneading it just a little, then 
roll it out with the rolling pin to about one inch thickness. 
Cut with a small biscuit cutter and put in a shallow pan. 
Bake in a hot oven for about fifteen minutes. (This recipe 
was tciken from U. S. Extension Circular Xo. 35). 

Magic Yeast Bread: 

1/4 cake magic yeast 1/4 teaspoon sugar 

1 tea cup warm water 14 teaspoon salt 

2 medium size potatoes 

Thoroughly cook and mash very fine the two potatoes 
in water in which they were cooked, add salt and sugar, add 
flour enough to make thick batter, then dissolve yeast (Vo 
cake in warm water) and place the bowl in which the batter 
]s mixed in another bowl of warm water and let stand for 
ten to fifteen minutes; allow to rise, twenty-four hours be- 
ing usually required in cold weather. (This recipe was 
taken from U. S. Extension Circular No. 35). 

Dandelion or Beet Greens: 

Remove the roots, pick over the leaves, throwing away 
all the wilted ones and wash several times to get clean. 



THE ANGLEE AXD HUNTSMAX 251 

Cook in boiling" salted water, with not quite half as much 
water as greens. Cook one hour, drain, and add a little l)ut- 
ter and salt. Eaten with hard boiled eggs and vinegar they 
are good. (This recipe was taken from U. S. Extensir;n 
Circular No. 35). 

Boiled Hominy: 

AVash one cup of white hominy and after draining, 
place in a saucepan down in a big kettle over the fire. Add 
one teaspoonful salt and one quart boiling water. Keep it 
boiling till tender but do not boil hard. (U. S. Extension 
Circular No. 35). 

Boiled Onions: 

Peel off the entire outer skin. Put them in a saucepan 
and pour boiling water over them. Put as much as for boil- 
ing potatoes (enough to cover them) and let them boil until 
soft when stuck with a fork, which takes about one hour. 
Drain off the water and add a little salt and pepper and a 
very little butter. (U. S. Extension Circular No. 35). 

Beans: 

Wash the beans and cook in boiling water about an 
hour or an hour and a half, putting in a little salt the last 
half of the time they are on the stove. Have just enough 
Avater to keep them from sticking to the pan, but not enough 
to have to drain off the water, after thej^ are cooked. Serve 
adding more salt if necessarv. (U. S. Extension Circular 
No. 35). 

How to Fry Ham: 

Cut the slices about half an inch thick, or to suit your 
fancy. Cut off rind, and place in the frying pan which has 
been previously heated. (It should be an iron frying pan) . 
Fry the ham from ten to fifteen minutes, according to heat 
of fire. Do not allow to become too done ; it is better cooked 
well done, but what I mean is that the fat should not be al- 
lowed to fry all out. It is much better ' 'juicy 



„ jy 



252 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 

Bouillon Cubes: 

Bouillon can be pnrchased nnywlici'c in cnlx's, and tliis 
is a handy article of diet to have along, for nothing is nioi'e 
beneficial than a cup of steaming hot bouillon on a cold raw 
winter's day. The following varieties of canned son] is are 
also recommended to the camper: 

Vegetable soup, split pea soup, navy bean soup, Inock 
turtle soup, black l)ean soup, cream of corn, beef l)<)uillon, 
mulligatawny soup, beef soup, oxtail soup, tomato soup, to- 
mato bouillon, tomato rice with curry, cream of tomato, con- 
somme, beef stew, and chicken soup. 

These soups are already prepared in cans, boiling water 
being all that it is necessary to add to complete them. Truly 
a nice innovation for the outdoorsman. They may l)e ob- 
tained at any grocery store. 

The First Aid Kit: 

Every camper should take with hmi on his trip a medi- 
cal kit, containing such necessary drugs and medicines as 
thought necessary, as well as solutions with which to wash 
the throat and mouth, a disinfecting solution, etc., the con- 
tents of the kit having been recommended to you by your 
physician or druggist. 

Cuts: 

Any camper is liable to receive cuts, and something 
must be taken along as a first aid treatment. The follow- 
ing, taken from "Health and Sanitation," by Dr. W. L. 
Heizer, who is Executive Secretary of the Kentucky Board 
of Tuberculosis Commissioners, in collaboration with Mrs. 
Y. O. Gilbert, is considered authoritative medical advice on 
the subjects ''cuts," "punctures," "bruises," "bites of ani- 
mals," "stings of insects," "foreign bodies in the eye," 
"snake bites," "breaks and dislocations of bones." 

"This is one of the most common accidents to those wdio 
are careless in the handling of knives, etc. The cut may be 



thp: axgler and huxtsmax 253 

so serious as to require the attention of a physician. This 
will be indicated by a cut lon^- enoug'h to gape open, deep 
enough to cut a blood vessel, which would be indicated by 
a free flow of blood. If the cut is upon the face, the atten- 
tion of the physician should at once be directed to it in order 
that an u.nbecoming scar may not result. If there is a con- 
tinuous flow of blood in considerable quantities, either in a 
continual stream or in squirts, a tightly folded handkerchief 
pressed over the site of bleeding will usually stop the flow 
of blood in five minutes. If the flow of blood is continuous, 
in an even stream, the Ijleeding is mostly from a vein, and a 
handkerchief folded lengthwise and tied firmly aromid the 
bleeding member on the side of the wound farthest from 
the heart, will easily control the bleeding. If the bleeding 
comes in spurts, an artery has been cut and such a handker- 
chief should be tied around the member on the side nearest 
the heart. The handkerchief may be tied loosely, and then 
a small stick rim through it and twisted or turned around 
until the handkerchief becomes tight enough to stop the 
flow of blood. A physician or surgeon should then be called 
to dress the wound properly and to prevent furtlier 
bleeding. 

''For small cuts, the treatment is very simi^le — clean 
water and a clean piece of cloth, or absorbent cotton, should 
be used to wash the dirt from around the wound. The 
operator's hand should be thoroughly cleaned before at- 
tempting this. A bit of absorbent cotton wrapped around 
a toothpick and dipped in tincture of iodine ( which should 
be kept on hand for such purposes) should be thoroughly 
rubbed over the cut and into its de])ths. A small piece of 
clean gauze, or linen, a little longer than the cut and about 
half as wide as long may be placed across the cut. A strip 
of adhesive plaster, which should be kept (in camp) for such 
emergencies, might be placed across the cut- over the gauze, 
care being used to pinch the edges of the cut together, and 
the adhesive plaster then placed so that the edges of the cut 
will not gape open, but be brought closely together, as they 



254 THK AXGLEE AND HUNTSMAN 

oiiiilit to heal without a scar. Unless 'there is an aecnmuhi- 
tion of pns, or a free discharge, or an angry looking swell- 
ing shown by redness and inflammation and pain, this dress- 
ing ought to remain on three or four davs until the cut is 
healed." 

Punctures: 

''This is a commcm condition, especially among childrc^n 
who go barefoot. The offending agent is usually a nail, 
and oftentimes it is about a barn-lot, which makes accidents 
more serious because of the danger of tetanus, or lockjaw, 
following. (Note: While this advice was written evi- 
dently for children, it is equally applicable in its essentials 
to the older ones, to the outdoorsman). Lockjaw germs, or 
seed, grow only in deep wounds to Avhich the air cannot enter. 
For this reason it is necessary to give a special kind of treat- 
ment to these deep pimctures, or penetrating wounds. It 
is probably best, when convenient, to go to a competent phy- 
sician, who might find it necessary to enlarge the mouth of 
the wound. At any rate, such wounds should be thoroughly 
cleansed and disinfected. A simple method of doing this 
IS by the use of a bit of absorbent cotton wrapped around 
the end of a toothpick, saturating it with pure tincture of 
iodine, and then inserting it boldly down to the very bottom 
of the wound and allowing it to remain there two or three 
minutes. It is better to repeat this in order that the iodine 
may be« certain to reach the bottom of the wound. If the 
wound be very deep, and a physician cannot be secured, it 
is probably best to make a little wick of gauze or linen satu- 
rated with tincture of iodine, and after having used the 
iodine as above described, this wick should be left in the 
wound for a day or two and should reach about half way to 
the bottom of the wound. ' ' 

Bruises: 

"These may result in various ways, either by falls, or 
being struck with a club or some other 1)1 unt instrument, or 



1 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 255 

by the falling of objects upon one. There is sometimes con- 
siderable SAvelling and pain, and the bruised portion may 
turn dark. If severe, the child should be kept at rest, and 
cold or hot compresses may be used over the site of the 
bruise. This may be done by wringing out of as cold or as 
hot water as can be borne, folded bath towels or flannels, 
and having them placed for five or ten minutes over this 
bruise, and repeated often enough to relieve the pain. The 
hot and cold compresses can both be used alternately. If the 
skin is broken, the wound should be painted over thoroughly 
with tincture of iodine to kill any germs of blood poison." 

Bites of Animals: 

"This is a condition that is causing health officials a 
great deal of worry on account of the increasing number of 
cases of hydrophobia from the bite of 'mad dogs' or other 
animals. Many times the pet of the household has been 
found to become suddenly vicious and his manner changed ; 
he has a disposition to run away from home, or by his ac- 
tions, is shown to be peculiar. For this reason, the bite of 
an animal should be regarded with suspicion, and the dog, 
or whatever animal causes the wound, should be confined 
for two or three weeks, feeding and watering it carefully, in 
order to see whether or not it really had hydrophobia. If 
so, the victim should be given the Pasteur treatment imme- 
diatel}^ This treatment is furnished free by the State 
Board of Health, and requires twenty-one days to adminis- 
ter. The only expense necessary is the pa3niient of the 
patient's l^oard while the treatment is being given (in most 
States). Under favorable conditions, the treatment may 
be administered l^y the physician at home, provided fresh 
anti-toxin can be secured. When bitten, the wound should 
be thoroughly washed and mopped with tincture of iodine, 
as in the case of cuts ; or if the wound is deep, it had best be 
taken to a physician for it to be cauterized." 



256 THE AXGLER AXD HUNTSMAX 

Stings of Insects: 

"This is a painful, tlioiigli not serious condition, and the 
])ain may usually be relieved by the application of cold coin- 
]>i'('sses placed over the site of the sting. The swelling usu- 
ally disappears in a day or two and usually no harm results. 
The pain of the sting is caused by the acid of the poison of 
the insec^t, and it is a faA'orite household remedy to make a 
little poultice of common cooking soda and apply over the 
site of the sting, or to wet a bit of cotton with ammonia 
water in an effort to neutralize the acidity." 

Foreign Bodies in the Eye: 

"This causes a great deal of pain and such an offending 
].>ody should be removed at once if possible. Do not permit 
the patient to rub the eye, as this rasps the surface of the eye 
and may cause serious damage. If the body has not im- 
bedded itself in the lining of the eyelid or eyeball, frequently 
the tears will wash it out if the eyelashes are caught be- 
tween the thumb and finger, and the eyelid held awa}^ from 
the eyeball for a few minutes. 

"If this does not succeed, a bit of absorbent cotton, 
wrap]3ed about a toothpick and soaked in warm salt water, 
made by adding a teaspoonful of salt to a pint of water, may 
be used to brush lightly over the lid or the eyeball, and if 
the offending body can be seen, it may be entangled in the 
cotton and removed. This is especially true of cinders nnd 
particles of dust. 

"Frequently the offending body can be seen if the 
upper eyelid is turned backwards over a small lead pencil. 
This can be done by grasping the eyelashes between the 
thumb and finger of one hand, ])lacing the point of the pencil 
over the upper eyelid l)ehind the thumb or finger, and 
pointing in a downward direction 'gently with the pencil 
while pulling and lifting the edge of the lid forward and up- 
ward. The lid will be found to turn out, and if the offending 
particle is in reach it may be brushed off with cotton 
wrapped on the toothpick." 



THE AXGLEK AND HUNTSMAN 257 

Snake Bites: 

"Ooiiti-ary to the general belief, the spreading bead 
'\'ipei; is not a poisonous snake. Tbe poisons from poisonous 
reptiles kill the victim by getting into the blood stream ; con- 
sequently, the very first thing to do is to shut off the blood 
in the part of the body that has been bitten, from the rest 
of the bod}^ This can be done, if the bite is upon an arm or 
a leg, by tying a handkerchief loosely around the member 
between the Avound and the heart and putting a stick under 
the bandage, turning or twisting it until it is tight enough 
to stop the flow of blood in that pai*t of the body. This 
procedure, if done early, will probably save the life of the 
individual. The next thing to do is to enlarge the openings 
of the wound where the fangs of the reptile entered by 
means of a thoroughly clean knife blade. This is done for 
the purpose of permitting the poison to find its way out of 
the flesh. If there are no cuts or wounds upon the mouth of 
a healthy individual, the wound may be sucked vigorously 
in an effort to draw out the poison. A toothpick wrapped 
with cotton and soaked with pure carbolic acid may be in- 
serted freely into the wound. The best thing to use, if it is 
available, is a strong solution of permanganate of potash. 
This is made by taking the crystals of potash and dissolving 
a teaspoonful into a half glass of water. This solution should 
be used freely in the wound repeatedly, and if one lives in 
a district exposed to such reptiles, it is well to have this 
remedy in the house (or camp) for such purpose. A com- 
petent physician should be called, of course, who will assist 
in the further treatment of the patient, and by gradu.ally 
admitting the blood from the j^art l)itten to the rest of the 
body, the patient can be made to resist the poison that may 
not have been removed or rendered harmless. The wound, 
after this, should be treated according to the directions given 
for cuts, or it should be treated according to the directions of 
the attending physician. 

It is a common error that has been responsible for 



a 



258 THE AXGI.KK AND HUNTSMAN 

iiiiicli liariii, that whiskey or ah-hohol in hirge quantities is 
the best thing to use for snake bites; and many times the 
l)atient has been found to be in a drunken condition — much 
worse as a result of the alcohol than could have l^een as a 
result of the snake bite." 

Breaks and Dislocations of Bones: 

"These are serious accidents, and call for the attention 
of a physician. Until the doctor arrives, the patient should 
be kei)t entirel}" at rest. The broken limb should be gently 
straightened, if possible, in order to relieve the pain and ten- 
sion upon the blood vessels ; and in case of either a disloca- 
tion or a break cold or hot compresses can be used over tlie 
injnry to rednce the inflammation or pain. The physician, 
upon arriving, will reduce the dislocation, that is, the bones 
will be put back together in proper position, and his direc- 
tions as to rest and other management should be carefully 
followed. 

"In the case of fracture, or the breaking of a bone, it 
may be necessary to apply some sort of splint, either of wood 
or plaster of Paris, or some sort of an extension device so 
that there will be a constant pull npon the bone, especially if 
it be a long one, in order that it may not become shortened 
while healing. The directions of the physician or surgeon 
should be followed carefully, and should not be changed un- 
less there is a plain indication that something is seriously 
wrong, in which case, the physician shonld again be called 
for advice and new instructions. 

"If a splint has been applied, and it slips down out of 
place, or is cansing serious damage to the skin, or too nnich 
suffering after twenty-four hours, the physician shonld be 
notified at once so that the trouble may be corrected." 

What the First Aid Kit Should Contain: 

Every sportsman doubtless prefers a special kind of an- 
tidote or remedy for a given accident or illness, hence it 
would be impracticable to give a list of medicines for the 
first aid kit that would please everybody. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 259 

Perhaps a few general suggestions will suffice : 

Liver pills for a torpid liver; (not many sportsmen 
have a bad liver). 

Pepper and ginger in hot water for cramps and chills; 

Quinine tablets for fevers, aided by a laxative, if 
needed ; Quinine also for colds ; 

Antiseptic solution for mouth-w^ash, sore-throat, and 
disinfectant ; 

Cold cream for chapped face and hands; 

Iodine for cuts, stings, etc. ; 

A quantity of sanitary gauze and absorbent cotton ; 

Ammonia, camphor, valuable for mosquito bites; 

Carbolic acid solution; 

And other articles to be suggested by your physician. 

Man}^ remedies can be made from common things that 
are included generally in the camp outfit. For instance: 

Sore throat is often cured b_y using a piece of pork or 
bacon tied around neck by a dry sock or stocking; 

Burns will be relieved by the application of common 
l)aking soda, fat or oil ; 

Scalds may also be relieved with common baking soda 
applied on a wet rag ; 

Toothache can frequently be stopped with warm vine- 
gar and salt by holding in the mouth ; 

For poisoning, warm water often acts as an emetic if 
mustard and salt are put in it. Tobacco will cause vomiting 
if swallowed, providing you have no better remedy. 

Poultices may be made from potato, rice, flaxseed, 
onion, mustard, bread, etc. 

The Manifold Value of Common Salt: 

Salt i^laced on the fingers when cleaning game birds 
a.nd animals, as well as fish, will prevent slipping. 

Salt dashed on a coal fire when lu'oiling steak will pre- 
vent blazing from the dripping fat. 

Salt thrown into a coal fire which has burned low will 
revive it. 



260 THE ANGLER AXD HUNTSMAN" 

Salt tlii'(tAM! OH bnriiiii.i;- fat will sto]) the smoke aiul 
odor. 

All vegetables that grow above ground should be cooked 
in salted water, while those that grow under ground must 
be cooked in fresh water. 

Either sugar or salt will preserve meat, as either ab- 
sorbs the moisture in it, which prevents decomposition. 

For stings and bites of insects, applj^ dampened salt. 
Bind it tightly over the affected part. It will usually bring 
relief and a cure quickly. 

Salt, dissolved in alchohol, is good to remove grease 
spots on clotliing. 

A jjinch of salt added to each gallon of drinking Avater 
boiled for drinking use, will relieve tliat flat taste common 
to boiled water. 

A tiny pinch of salt added to the coffee before the boil- 
ing water is poured in will add to the delicious flavor and 
aroma. 

Various Uses of the Lemon: 

Lemon juice put in milk and allowed to curdle, which 
is then bound upon the parts of the body swollen with rheu- 
matism will ofttimes bring relief and reduce swelling. 

Lemon juice applied to insect bites allays the iri'itation. 

A dash of lemon juice in water makes a cleansing tooth 
lotion that will remo^-e the tartar and sweeten the breath. 

Two or three slices of lemon added to a cup of strong 
tea usually cures a nervous headache. 

Half a lemon dipped in salt is good to clean articles of 
copper and brass. 

A few drops of lemon juice added to scrambled eggs 
while they are cooking improves them wonderfully. 

A teaspoonful of lemon juice added to a quart of water 
will make rice whiter and keep the grains separated when 
boiled. 

Lemon juice and sugar Avill relieve a tickling sensation 
in the throat and an irritating cough. 



THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 261 

Lemon juice in black coffee,unsweetened, will cure sick 
headache. 

Strong, unsweetened lemonade, taken l)efore break- 
fast, will cure a sick headache. 

Lemon juice applied on soft cloth to a corn for several 
nights can then be j^ared off. 

Lemon juice ap])lied to a wound on a cloth over night 
is good to stop bleeding. 

Gargle a scA'ere sore throat with strong solution of 
lemon juice and water. 

A little lemon juice added to the shampoo aids in cut- 
ting the oil on excessively greasy hair. 

Hot lemonade is invaluable in colds and influenza. 

Lemon juice and salt will remove iron rust. 

Kerosene: 

Kerosene is not only good to remove dirt, fresh paint, 
rust, etc., but is fine used as a disinfectant and insect ex- 
terminator, which often bother the camper. Ants, cock- 
roaches, bed bugs, etc., leave ''for parts unknown" when 
kerosene is applied in appropriate places. 

Uses of Vinegar: 

When cooking a tough fowl or other meat, if you will 
place one tables])oonful of vinegar in the water, it will save 
from one to two hours' boiling. 

Vinegar and meal, used on hands when chapped by cold 
weather will be softened by their use. 

Vinegar added to stewed prunes while they are stewing 
imi^roves their flavor. 

Vinegar, one teaspoonful, added to boiling whitefish 
improves the flavor of them wonderfully. 

A vinegar stew, made of honey and vinegar, is fine for 
a severe cold. 



2()2 THE AXGLER AXI) HLTXTSMAX 

GOOD POINTS: 

Food from the Forest: 

''Guard against waste of wild meat" should be the slo- 
gan of every hunter. All edible loortions of the animal 
killed should be utilized. 

Do not let wild game be an added luxury ; let it take the 
place of your market meat. No more game than can be 
eaten should be killed. Do not let your desire to tell a big 
story when you reach home lead you to shoot everything in 
sight. Good sportsmen will observe these conservation sug- 
gestions in addition to the game laws. 

Point Duck Shooting: 

Point shooting is the favorite method of the duck gun- 
ner. The decoys float in the water a short gunshot from the 
blind, and the ducks flying by see the decoys and come in to 
them. This kind of shooting is done on A^arious waters all 
over the country, conditions varying in different localities. 
On the shores of some northern lakes and broad rivers the 
blind is built of stones laid up in the form of a wall, or in 
Avinter, of blocks of ice. In the marshes of the South At- 
lantic ducking grounds, stems of cane form the blind, or 
branches of trees or bushes are used. 

Dynamiting the Pothunter: 

The newspapei'S of the country have almost everA^vhere 
been a powerful force in crystalizing the sentiment of the 
protection b}^ proper laws of fish and game as important 
resources of the commonwealth. 

A New Jersey editor, a thorough sportsman, says AVild 
Life, recently received from a reader Avho desired to take 
a fish by questionable means a letter that contained this 
request : 

"Please advise me how to dvnamite a stream." 



'Note: Good Points were taken from Mosby's Missouri Message. 



THE AXGLER AND HUNTSMAN 263 

The iieAA'spai3er man sent the following advice : 
''Four sticks of d^aiamite are sufficient. Tie them se- 
curel}^ around your neck, attach fuse, light it and run as 
fast as you can away from the water to avoid injuring the 
other snakes and reptiles." 

Camp Hints: 

Going very light, most campers carry soap ; 3^et it seems 
that for one reason or another, it is rarely if ever mentioned. 
There is a word to be said about it, however. 

AYhite soap is easy to be seen at night and, as most of 
the white soaps float, they are to be preferred to other kinds 
for camp use. Often the cake of soap is thrown into the 
canoe, where it runs riot at large, gumming up everything 
in sight. The added drops of water from a passing shower 
produce slippery footing and assorted expletives. 

The celluloid or hard rubber soap box is not suited to 
campers, not only because it has to be handled like an egg, 
but because it is ahvays larger than the soap. The metal 
box, though less easily smashed, is made to fit special toilet 
soaps, which is a great disadvantage. 

A soap bag is easily made from a piece of canvas of 
suitable length and sides sewed up, after which this small 
bag, or envelope, was turned right side out. A metal sus- 
pender 1:>utton was sewed on the front and a button hole 
made in tlie flap. 

In use this soap container has proved its worth over 
and over again. It will take the largest size cake of soap 
and is never larger than the soap happens to be. Its cost 
is but a few cents and you can sit on it and walk on it with 
pleasure. When you have used the soap you place it on 
the flap of the bag, not on the sand, and, after rinsing, it is 
not necessary to touch the soap. Just pick up the bag by 
the flap and the button, dump in the soap and throw the 
bag anywhere among your duffle. Again, should the soap 
bag be forgotten and left out in the rain all night, there will 
be some soap left and no mess of it over the ground. 



264 THE AXGLKR AND HT^NTSMAX 

As wild cats arc known to be ^I'cat game destroyers, it 
is pei'inissible to ])ul)lisli tlie following suggestion for their 
captuj-e by trapping: 

A Pen for Wild Cats: 

The wild cat is a shy, slinking night prowler, found 
alike in hilly regions and thick swamps. It has no great 
degree of cmming, but can not be attracted to a trap from 
much of a distance, for the reason that it does not have a 
ver}^ keen nose. Scents hel]) considerably in bringing this 
animal to the trap. 

A wild cat has little appetite for decayed meat, so the 
meat must be fresh. Rabbits and partridges are good. It 
is best to build a pen by driving stakes into the ground, with 
an opening for the animal to enter. Set the trajj in this 
opening and cover lightl}^ with suitable material. Then 
hang the bait inside. A few evergreen boughs thrown o^-er 
the pen will keep the snow out and make it look more hid- 
den. Rabbits and squirrels are often a great bother to this 
set, by getting into the trap. It will help to keep the ral)- 
bits out if some dead brush is dropped in front of the pen. 
They do not like to jump through dead brush. A little 
springy stick under the pan of the trap will often prevent 
small animals from snapping, and so keep it ready for the 
heavier game when it comes along. 

At butchering time a wild cat or two may be caught if 
the offal is taken to a likely place in the woods, and tra])s 
are set around it. The writer tc^ok three one winter in traps 
set around a dead horse. 

When small game is plentiful, wild cats do not take 
bait very well. A set that may be used then, is prepared by 
making a long, narrow pen, or passage, that the animal can 
walk through, and hanging a ])iece of red cloth in it, with 
some scent on the cloth. 

Along the edges of lakes, when they are frozen over, is 
a good place to set traijs for wild cats. Here, or any place 
for that matter, it helps to hang a rabbit skin from a string 



THE AXGLER AXD H['XTSMAX 265 

near the trap. On the ice, the annnal may travel too far out 
to scent the bait, and its eyes are always keener than its nose. 

THE CARE OF DOGS: 

Do not allo^^' other dogs or strangers to disturb the fe- 
male until the puppies are at least three weeks old. Never 
feed grown dogs and puppies together ; start to feed puppies 
at three week's old, ])uttermilk twice a day, morning and 
evening; this will clean their stomachs of worms. Leave 
the mother with them until they are at least five weeks old ; 
then, for her own health, as well as for the health of the 
puppies, allow her to stay with them one hour a day for one 
more week, then feed twice a day, ])uttermilk or beef broth 
with bread crumJ^s (corn bread is best), little strips of raw 
lean meat is good twice a week, but very little until they are 
past four months old, at which time they will get their sec- 
ond teeth and can masticate more substantial food and will 
grow strong. Avoid sweet stuff, fresh milk or meat, as it 
has a tendency to produce worms. 

Be sure to see that your kennels are well ventilated; 
if possible, have rmming water, at any rate a goodly supply 
of fresh water at all times. Disinfect thoroughly at least 
once a week. If nature does not ])rovide it, have a good a]'- 
tificial shade and a perfectly dry kennel in damp and cool 
weather. Feed grown dogs not more than once a day, corn- 
bread and table-scraps as a mixed diet. Best of all, corn 
meal and middlings with well cooked meat and soup, baked 
to a pone or mush. Dogs will eat this substance readily and 
it keeps them in perfect health. Exercise or work on game, 
if possible, at least once a day. To prevent fleas, and for 
mange and for all forms of skin diseases, use one part creo- 
line to 100 parts of water, and dip dog, head and all. For 
cankered ear, saturated solution of boracic acid. Massage 
or rub thoroughly. For distemper, allow the dog his liberty 
and give him all the raw eggs and fresh milk he will eat. 
Give him a good dose of castor oil about twice a week. 



The Red Ranger 



The Red Ranger, published at Rush- 
ville, Mo,, by L. F, Gingery 



f i 

I in the interests of luuinds and hunting is the | 

I only periodical in America which tearless] v i 



i 



i and independently stands up at all times for 

i the dog. Every dog lover sliould lend his or i 

^ her influence to The Eed Ranger by sul)- I 

I scribing to this fearless champion of the dog - f 

I for the great good that this magazine is ac- i 

I complishing. The Red Ranger, published I 

I monthly, sells at $1.00 per year. The Red | 

i Ranger Publishing Co. also pul^lishes an- | 

I nually the American Foxhound Breeders' i 

I Stud Book, in which are recorded thousands | 

I of the prominent American foxhounds. | 

I Price of recording foxhounds, $1.00. Price | 

p of Stud Books, $2.00 each vohmie. | 

4 Address all communications to ^ 

$ i 

i 77ie Red Ranger, Rushville, Mo, I 

I 



MOSBY'S Missouri MESSAGE 



o 

CO 

CO 






The most widely quoted journal in ^Missouri, and 
the favorite of the ^Missouri home. The only Missouri 
weekly carrying a regular department for sportsmen 
and lovers of the great out-doors. 

A ]\Iissouri city is now the leading fur market of 
the world, and Missouri is one of the leading game 
States of the Union. The advertiser who would reach 
the Missouri sportsman at home must do so through 
the columns of MOSBY'S MISSOURI MESSAGE. 

Advertising rate. lo cents per agate line. Sub- 
scription price, $2.00 per year. 



THE MESSAGE PUBLISHING CO. 

615 Central Trust Building Jefferson City, Mo. 






0) 
Co 

O 



Have you seen it? 



P 

I We mean the current number of SpO) ts A field. 



i 



It's the best bargam m the way of Sportsman 

i Literature that ever blew m out of the West. 

I Pubhshed monthly, in Chicago, the Metrop- 

i olis of the World, this fine, virile Western ^ 

I magazine grows more forceful with passing ^ 

I time. Each number bulges with the latest | 

j news from the Big Game Fields. Besides, 4 

I it's chock full of interesting articles about | 

I Hunting, Fishing, Camping, Trapping, House- fl 

I boating, the activities of the Boy Scouts, and ^ 

i other things with the tang of the West in 

I . 

^ every line. Twelve handsome numbers for 

I , only $2.00 I 

I AS A STARTER— Why not send 50 cents for ^ 

J three big numbers; stamps will do. d 

I I 

I Sports Afield Publishing Co. | 

I 542 So. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ills. | 



AIREDALE PUPS 



From 
Morning: View 
Farm Kennels 
arc the win- 
ning type and 
correct color 
— our big Free 
Catalog gives 
many views 
of oitr win- 
ners. 

Below is pic- 
turi- of 

GREAT SCOTT 




From 
ilorning View 
Farm Kennels 
grow into use- 
ful dogs — be- 
cause their 
parents are 
the working 
kind as well 
as excellent 
Bench speci- 
mens. 

My Airedales 
are trained 
trailers and 
jame fighters. 



THE MORNING VIEW 
FARM KENNELS 

Box 321 Havelock, Nebr. "^ 

Produce some of the 
best Airedales in 
America — because we 
make it an exclusive 
business and know 
our business. 

( )ur entire farm is de- 
voted to the raising of 

better Airedale dogs — 

our entire time also is 

devoted to producing 

the zcorking Airedale 

as well as Winners at 

Ben eh Shozus — Write 
for our complete illustrated catalog — giving many views of Airedales on 
our farm — Xot a backyard city raised Airedale, but one raised on a farm 
in open air- — whose parents are hunters and dogs who have achieved 
honors in the show rings as well as doing credit to their name as trailers 
and game fighters — LoAvest Priced Airedales in America — qualitv con- 
sidered. 





"TINTEKX DESIRE'S" 

Greatest living son — Write for 
descriptive circular. 



MY .VIREDALES 

Bring Home the Rabbits- 
for illustrated circular. 



-Send 



SEND FOR OUR FREE PRICE LIST — many photos of Airedales and list of many 
satisfied customers. 



Mention "THE COMPLETE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN" 




'The Blue Grass 

Stock Farms of Berry, Ky. — 

the largest breeders and shippers of all 
breeds of thoroughbred live-stock in the 
world, offer for sale thoroughbred and 
registered hogs, sheep, cattle, horses, 
mules and jacks, shipped for approval, 
fully guaranteed, money refunded if 
we fail to please. Send ten cents in 
stamps or coin for fifty-page, highly 
illustrated, instructive, and interesting 
catalogue." 

STANLEY BLAKE, Pres. and Gen. Mgr. 




iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiirirriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriJiiiiniiiiiriiriiiiiiriiiiiiriHiiiiiiiriiiiiiriiiiririi 

Blue Grass parnns 
por Sale 

Do you want a home in the famous lUue Grass 
Region of Kentucky — the heart of the world — where 
the winters are mild, the average temperature heing 58 
degrees ? 

Xo matter whether you have in mind tobacco- 
raising, stock-farming, a game preserve, or want to 
establish a country estate, or gun club, we can furnish 
what you desire at very reasonable prices. 

We have farms of various sizes availai)le and suit- 
able for the above purpose. We should be glad to 
show prospective purchasers over these farms anv 
time you visit us. The latch-string always hangs out. 
We'll make yott welcome in true Southern st}le. 

Game is plentiful. Licking River affords fine 
fishing. 

This is the ideal country for the hunter and the 
angler — a Sportsman's paradise. 

Address : 

Blue Grass l^eal Estate Co. 

Berry, K^entucky 

STANLEY BLAKE, President THOMAS HUBERT HUTTON. Sales Mgr. 

iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiMniiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiMiiiiMiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiirijiiiiiiiiiMiiiinniiiiiri iiiiiMinifiiiiMMiiiiiiiniriiiMiiiii 



THE MICHIGAN 
SPORTSMAN 

lilillilillilillillllllllllilllllil^ 

The Livest, Most Readable and Fascinating Magazine 
for the Sportsman Published in the Middle West 



Filled with outdoor st(;riis from tho real "old-tinifrs" of the north woods — the 
fellows who have been there. A real, live, entertaining, profusely illustrated 
outdoor monthly magazine dealing with the great outdoors everywhere, and in 
particular with Michigan and it.'; I.IJOO miles of Great l^ake shore line. 5,000 
inland lakes and summer n sorts, ten million acres of hunting woods, and its 
endless number of fishing and ImatinK streams. 

The Michigan Sportsman covers the State thoroughly. It is a magazine for every 
man, woman and child. Short stories of actual experience in hunting and fishing 
feature every issue. It advocates the propagation and conservation of all wild 

animal life. An Audubon Department, Trap Shooting and Game Warden De- 
partment are permanent features of the publication. The Query Department 

takes particular interest in answering questions on fishing, hunting, trappings, etc., 
directed to it. Send in any ciuestion puzzling you. 

The present sulisrriiitien price of The Michigan Sportsman is $1.50 a year. If you 
care to take advantage of this, do so immediately by using the blank at the bot- 
tom of this page and secure the next twelve Issues regularly. If you are interested 
in sports, you should be interested in The Jlichigan Sportsman. AVhy not get to- 
gether? Use the coupon today. 



THE MICHIGAN SPORTSM.VN, 

707 Empire Biiilding, 
Detroit, Michigan. 

(ientlemcn: — 

Herewith is .S for my subscription to The Michigan Sportsman 

for one year beginning with issue. 



1 Year 
•SI. 50 



Nanit 



.\<l«lress 

( ity State. 



FISHERMEN! 

YOUR A TTENTION, please, to the fact that there is a special magazine exclusively devoted to your 
special hobby. It is four years old; a strong, healthy youngster, ably managed by a little coterie of real sports- 
men who know the business from A to Z. You should see it! 

The American Angler 

THE ONLY ALL-ANGLING MAGAZINE 

Covers every phase of angling. Contains well-written, beautifully illustrated stories by and for anglers: how 
to gel the most sport near home; stories of famous angling waters by noted anglers who have "been every- 
where" and who know how to write; daring original and timely opinions on all matters piscatorial; amateur 
tackle making; fly, bait and surf tournament. Salt water angling is generously treated and angling humor is de- 
lightfully illustrated. Published monthly. Sold only on subscription; not on news-stands. 



$1 



THE 



SPECIAL TRIAL SUBSCRIPTION 
Six Splendid Numbers 

Regular Yearly Subscription $2; Canada, $2.35; 
Foreign, $2.60 

Send Check or Postal Money Order to 

AMERICAN ANGLER 1408 



BROADWAY 
NEW YORK 



HUNTCR 

Trader 

>P£R 




•''•V/A 



HUNTER-TRADER-TRAPPER 

Twelve big numbers each year, filled U]) with clo.se-to- 
nature rearling. The be.st coon and fox hunting storie.s 
you ever read. The latest up-to-date trapping methods 
from the boys who have had life-long experience. Send 
for your copy today. The price is 20 cents. A yearly 
subscription only $1.50. After you read the first copy 
you will eagerly look for .succeeding issues. Ask Stanley 
Blake. EVERY ISSUE FUI.IA" ILLUSTRATED. 

HUNTER TRADER TRAPPER 



>!) K. M.MN ST. 



( OI.r.MBl S, OHIO 



GAME BREEDING a New and Profitable Industry 

The breeding of Game and Game Fish is profitable and interi-sting. The 
Game Breeders' Magazine is devoted to the interests of tho.=e engaged in this 
new American Industry. It contains practical articles written by breeders and 
notes from The Game Farms and Preserves. 

Many people now make an excellent living breeding Game and Fish. 

Many sportsmen now have excellent Shooting under the new laws, encourag- 
ing Game breeding. 

Subscription price $1.00 per year. Sample copies Ten Cents. 



THK (i.\ME BKEEDKK 



1.50 Na.ssaii Street, 



New York 



When, Where and How to Go 
and What to Find — 
That is the Problem 



Yes, sir, it's Your problem, too. 

And it took us years to get this "dope" together for YOU. 

Real information, gathered by real Outdoorsmen. 

The "good places" in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois 

and Indiana — the "worth while" streams and lakes. 

Game and Fish Laws, too, and lots of good, sound, practical hints 

for real sportsmen. 

That's what you will find in the 



j AMERICAN 


>^UTERS'GUIDE 


^MIDAVCSTCRK^4i^lOH 




ms^ 


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1919 


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HANDBOOK 

FOB 
ANGLERS 
HUNTEOS 


i ■ '•<-.. ',-t 




cAMP£it& n^M^n 


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160 pages, illustrated, bound in handsome green cloth cover stamped 

in Gold 



O N 



DOLLAR 



will bring this book to you prepaid. 
Send order today to 



Ravenswood Press Publishing Co. 

4610 Ravenswood Ave. Dpt. K Chicago, 111. 



274 



i 

I 

•4 

i 

i 



"Is Your Thoroughbred Stock 
Registered? IfNot,WhyNot?" 

The get produced from registered stock 

is always marketable at about twice the 

prices of fattened stock for slaughter- 

mg purposes. 




Register your stock with the 

BLUE GRASS BREEDERS' 
NATIONAL GAZETTE 

Fee $1,00, including certified pedi- 
gree for three generations and registra- 
tion certificate. $1. 00 additional for 
fourth generation. 

BLUE GRASS BREEDERS' NATIONAL GAZETTt 

STANLEY BLAKE, Keeper 



275 



Pedigrees and Registrations 




"ASTRONOMER." No. 28.321 B. G. S. B. 

By Frank— Annie Walker, is the Sensational V^'inninK Fox Hound of 1917-'18 

Astronomer ^vinne^ at the Fifth Annual Lynn F. H. A. Meet 



All cloii's offered for sale are Registered or Pedi- 
greed Specimens, eligible fc^r Registration. Registra- 
tion fee is one ( i ) dollar, including Certified Pedigree 
for Three Cienerations. If Fourth (feneration is de- 
sired one ( I ) dollar additional is required. Any dog 
having a Pedigree for Three (fenerations is eligible 
to Register, with the necessary Certificates for such. 
We can furnish you with the best Pdood to be found, 
as every dog we breed is well intermingled with Field 
Trial and P)ench Show Winning Blood predominating. 
We guarantee P.lood lines unexcelled. 



STANLEY BLAKE, Manager 

Blue Grass Farm Kennels Also Keeper Blue Grass Stud Book 

BERRY, KENTUCKY- 



276 



Book on Dog Diseases and 
How to Feed 




Mailed FREE on 
Application to 



H. CLAY GLOVER, V. S. 



118 W. 31st Street 
New York 




The Magazine 
of The West 



ery i^sut- is cram full of thf things which interest 
every true sportsman- — stories of delightful fishing, 
hunting and camping trips, splendid photographs, 
helpful gun talk — in fact, everything that is of interest 
to the outdoor man. 

OUTDOOR I,1FE is published in Denver, Colorado, 
right at the door of the Rockies, where the big game of 
this country has its last stand. Our editor, J. A. McGuire, 
has had over 25 yeart:' actual experience in hunting, and 
liunted in all the big game field.'; of this continent, and is able 
give to our readers authentic advice on game conditions in various 
localities, and all the information of interest to our readers, 
through the columns of Ol'TDOOK LIFK. 

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE-.-$2.00 PER YEAR 

This insures our subscribers of t\\e]\i' issues ot good reading matter. 

THE OUTDOOR LIFE PUBLISHING CO. 

I«.»6 CIKTIS STKKKT, DKNVKK. COLO. 



Tr 




wTr' DUCKS 

and other birds, ganio 
and fish. It's easy if 
you plant the food ihey 
love. 

We specialize in foods 
for wild-fowl and other 
game birds. Plantings 
planned, seeds fur- 
nished, natural feeding 
grounds and game pre- 
serves developed. Wild 
Rice, Wild Celery, Duck 
Potato and other seeds 
for sale. 

My years of sturly 
and practical e.xper- 
ience have developed a 
fund of information on 
the habits of wild-fowl 
and game and their nat- 
ural feed. This is at 
your service. 

Write for free book- 
let and other literature 
(LYDE B. TERRELL, 
Naturalist, 

Oshkosh, Wi.s. 

Dept. lOU. 




ARE YOU IXTERESTED in BEAGLES and GOOD BEAGLE 
LITERATL^RE? If so, why not subscribe to the only paper devoted 
to Beagles, namely, 

HOUNDS AND HUNTING 

PUBLISHED AT DECATUR, ILLINOIS. 

BEAGLE NEWS, HINTS AND HELPS 

Monthly— $L50 Per Year 

Canadian Subs. $1.75 — Foreign Subs. $2.00. 
SAMPLE COPIES 15c, SENT TO ANY ADDRESS. 



DOG WORLD 



Devoted to Dogs, Dog Breeders aud Fanciers 
Fearless, Forceful and Independent 
Subscription in U.S. $1.00 a year In Canada $1.2.S a year and in Foreign Countries $1.50 

a year Sample copies on request. 
DOG WORLD PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1333 South California Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 



Every Red-blooded Man 




Should Read This Book 

A STORY of "fishing in boyhood clays" 
illustrated by Briggs, famous car- 
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In addition it contains many prac- 
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ling sport today." 

THIS BOOK FREE! 

In this book is shown a 
complete line of cjual 
ity tackle and baits— 
the kind that Ian 
the "big ones" — al 
the South Bei 
Anti - Back - Lash 
Reel, the re 
that needs 
thumbing. 




Fill out coupon and mail today. 

SOUTH BEND BAIT CO., 

530 C «lf:ix Ave., South Bend, Ind. 

.'nd me 4th revised edition of 
"The Days of Real Sport." 



Perfection Dog Food 

READY TO EAT NO WASTE 

PERFECTION FOODS COMPANY 



is a wonderful combination of grains and 
beef. Used and endorsed by the most im- 
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Battle Creek, Michigan 



AFIELD 

ILLUSTRATED 



Three 

Dollars 
and 

\Vor:h h 



The 

Leading 

Pure-bred 

Livestock 

Monthly 

Magazine 



America's most beautiful farm publication — and, as Practical as the Best. 
An annual subscription to twelve numbers, includes 1,200 pages illustrated with 
2,500 photographic engravings. 

The philosophy, achievements and experiences of men truly seasoned in the 
arts of breeding and farm management, supported by a complete service of 
news, covering the scientific, fraternal and business activities among breeders. 

Photographic illustrations of the winners in beef, dairy, horse, sheep and 
swine classes at every important show. No other American monthly or weekly 
can stand comparison with THE FIELD service along these lines. 

Four-color covers; compelling Typographical and 
Illustrative Beauty that attracts the whole family; every 
copy will adorn the Library table, just as the finest 
general or class Periodicals do, long after it serves 
its Primary Purpose. 

Timeliness, accuracy and brevity are the watchwords 
of our editors. 

A four months' trial subscription for $1.00 «'i7/ mean 
much more to you than anything wc could state in an 
advertisement. Money Back if yon are disappointed. 

THE ADVANCED AGRICULTURAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 

2-S West Forty-fifth Street New York, N. Y. 




The ONLY MAGAZINE of its kind devoted to constructive work for 

COXSKKV.ATION OF WILD LIFK .AND HrNTIN<;, FISHINO, CAMriXti, AND 
SANE OrX-DOOK KE( KFATION. IS 

IN THE OPEN 

OFFICI.VIv OKG.AN OF "THE WILD LIFE LEA<iFE." AND ALL CONSEKV.A- 

TION .ASSOCIATIONS OF rENXSYLA ANIA, AAEST MK<iINIA .AND 

OTHEK STATES. 

AND THE AMATEUR FIELD TRIAL CLUBS 
Issued Monthly- -$1.50 Per Year 

by IN THE OPEN PUBLISHING COMPANY, Commercial Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 



DOGDOM 



$1.50 a Year 
DOGDOM 



AMERICAS LEADING MONTHLY DOG 
MAGAZINEZZ 

Canadian and Foreign $L80 Sample Copy Free 

E. Bechmann, Publisher, Battle Creek, Michigan 



Sportsmen of the World! 

Keep in Touch with Western Canada 
—It will Pay You 

. Littlebury^s Magazine . 



Published at Calgary, Alberta, eosts 3-011 but a Dollar a Year; 

mailed reg'ularly every month. Circulates 

through the U. wS. and Canada. 



FORTY PACES 



Interesting to Everybody Kennel News a Big Feature 
All For a Dollar Bill DO IT NO W 




Carey, winner of the V. H. C. at the Fifth Annual Lynn F. H. A Meet. Bred by Stanley Blake 
* Blue Grass Farms, Berry, Kentucky 

THE BLUE GRASS FARM KENNELS k^Sy 

Offer For Sale Setters and Pointers, Fox and Cat Hounds, Wolf and Deer Hounds 

Coon and Opossum Hounds, Varmint and Rabbit Hounds 

Bear and Lion Hounds, also Airedale Terriers 

All dogs shipped on trial, purchaser to judge the quality; satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. 



Sixty-eight page, highly illustrated, instructive and interesting catalogue for ten cents in stamps or coin. 
WE DID NOT RAISE OUR PRICES DURING THE WAR 



